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April 15, 2021 KHPRC Meeting Agenda www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer ENGINEERING DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS THE COUNTY OF KAUA‘I DEREK S. K. KAWAKAMI, MAYOR MICHAEL A. DAHILIG, MANAGING DIRECTOR TROY K. TANIGAWA ACTING COUNTY ENGINEER MICHAEL H. TRESLER ACTING DEPUTY COUNTY ENGINEER August 20, 2020 Suzanne D. Case Chairperson and State Historic Preservation Officer Department of Land and Natural Resources 601 Kamokila Boulevard Kakuhihewa Building, Suite 555 Kapolei, HI 96707 dlnr.intake.shpd@hawaii.gov ATTN: Dr. Alan Downer, PhD., State Historic Preservation Division Administrator and Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Subject: Initiation of Section 106 NHPA Consultation, HRS Chapter 6E Consultation, and Request for Concurrence with the APE for the Waimea River Ford Crossing Project, Waimea Ahupua‘a, Waimea District, Kaua‘i Island, TMKs: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 Dear Ms. Case, The County of Kaua‘i (County) submits this letter to provide a project summary for State Historic Preservation (SHPD) review per Section 106 and Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS) §6E-8 in connection with the Waimea River Ford Crossing Project. The proposed scope of work includes replacing the existing earthen crossing with either a concrete or aggregate-based crossing within Waimea River to reduce the amount of maintenance required. The approaches to the ford crossing would be hardened to prevent erosion. Six permanent residents use the crossing as their sole access to their homes via vehicles. When the crossing is not usable, the residents park on the long shoulder of Menehune Road on the Waimea side of the river and use the Waimea Swinging Bridge to get to their homes. There are also other people who have farmlands, including lo‘i (taro terraces), across the river using the ford crossing for access. The County would like to inform SHPD that they are working to advance the project and have authorized Bow Engineering to assist with HRS §6E consultation with SHPD. The project is subject to Hawai‘i State environmental and historic preservation review legislation. Due to federal permitting (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Section 404 Permit), the proposed project requires compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 2 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Proposed Project Area/Area of Potential Effect (APE) The proposed project area crosses into Waimea River from Menehune Road on the Waimea side of the river to a dirt road on the Makaweli side of the river, extending 60 m to the north. The proposed project is located approximately 125 m (410 feet [ft]) south of the Waimea Swinging Bridge. The project area is depicted on a portion of the 1966 Kekaha and Hanapepe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles (Figure 1), a tax map plat (Figure 2), a 2013 Google Earth aerial photo (Figure 3), and a client-provided plan of the proposed project area (Figure 4). As proposed, the project includes the construction of a concrete crossing extending across the Waimea River. Ground disturbing activities consist of grading along the riverbanks and disturbance within the staging areas. The Area of Potential Effect (APE) is the area where the proposed project could potentially affect historic properties and includes any visual, auditory, and/or other environmental impacts beyond the actual footprint of the proposed project. The APE comprises approximately 0.98 acres (0.40 hectare). For the purposes of the project, the project areas and the APE are synonymous (see Figure 1 and Figure 3). Historical, Cultural, and Archaeological Background Waimea Ahupua‘a is composed of several regions which vary widely in climate and terrain. These differences essentially dictated the kinds of resources that were available and had much to do with the way the ahupua‘a (traditional land division) was settled by pre-contact Hawaiians. Information about Makaweli Ahupua‘a is sketchy though it can be compared to the adjacent land area of Waimea, which is similar in many ways. Based on Māhele records and archaeological surveys, the population in Waimea and Makaweli was concentrated along the river valley, supporting the idea of a large inland population rather than a coastal one. The lower portions of Kaua‘i’s southwest plains, which include Waimea and Makaweli, are dry and get little rainfall—less than 30 inches per year with an average of 20 inches per year near the coast. Water for crop irrigation and sustainability of large settlements would have been a problem if not for the ditch system created by pre-contact Hawaiians. In 1778, when Captain James Cook stepped ashore at Waimea, extensive agricultural systems covered the entire floor of the lower valley and the area displayed a high degree of ingenuity and engineering skill that Hawaiians had already developed. Much of the taro lands were converted to rice paddies in the 1860s and peaked in the 1890s. Most of the rice crop was grown by Chinese farmers who continued production on the valley floor well into the 1930s. Over 150 kuleana awards were granted in Waimea. Fifteen claims were awarded in Kīkīaola ‘Ili, on the west side of Kana‘ana Ridge. Over 50 claims were awarded in the ‘ili Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 3 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer (land division smaller than an ahupua‘a) of Pe‘ekaua‘i, on the east and west sides of Kana‘ana and Poki‘i Ridge. The land east and west of the Kana‘ana Ridge was mainly Crown and Government Land; some of which had already been given or sold to individuals and associations. One of the potential staging areas within the proposed project area lies within the eastern edge of Land Commission Award (LCA) 6308 B (Figure 6), which consisted of one lo‘i, kula (pasture), and one house lot. Although the proposed project area encroaches on the eastern edge of LCA 6308 B, that area has existing transportation and water control infrastructure (i.e., Menehune Road and the Waimea River levee, see Figure 3 and Figure 5). During the last decade of the nineteenth century, the population of Waimea rebounded, with the establishment of commercial sugarcane planting, first at Waimea and a few years later in Makaweli. Commercial sugar crops were first raised in the valley in the 1880s. Much sugarcane was grown, especially on the flats of the upper valley. The companies growing cane in the area included the Waimea Sugar Company (1885-1946) as well as the Hawaiian Sugar Company (1889-1940), later under new management as the Olokele Sugar Company (1940-1994), and then sold and operated under the name Gay & Robinson (1994-2009). Smaller plots in the lower valley, such as the one formerly cultivated in the study area, were probably worked by independent growers who sold their crops to the mill. A ditch system was constructed to bring Waimea River water to the fields, which covered about 200 acres. In 2009, the last of Kaua‘i’s sugar plantation era came to an end with the closing of Gay & Robinson. During recent decades, growth in Waimea has focused on development of the former sugar plantation lands and structures into tourist-oriented facilities. Nearby Makaweli land use has remained much the same since the turn of the century. A field inspection of the proposed project area and a literature review of previous archaeological studies identified no historic properties within the project area for the Waimea River Ford Crossing Project. State Inventory of Historic Places (SIHP) # 50-30- 09-00026, Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch (Menehune Ditch) is immediately west of but outside the project area and traverses the western boundary of LCA 6308 B (see Figure 6). Table 1 outlines the previous archaeological studies identified within and near the vicinity of the Waimea River Ford Crossing project area, and Table 2 lists the historic properties in the immediate vicinity of the project area. The previous archaeological studies and historic properties are depicted in Figure 7 and Figure 8. One study was conducted within the proposed project area. In 1979, Hawai‘i Marine Research, Inc. (Joerger and Streck 1979) conducted a cultural resource reconnaissance of two areas adjacent to the west bank of the Waimea River. The study assessed the potential adverse effects of the flood control project on Cook’s Landing Monument (SIHP # 50-30-05-09303) and the Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch (SIHP # 50-30-09- 00026). Area 1 was adjacent to the mouth of the stream (partly within Lucy Wright Park), and Area 2 was located at the junction of the Waimea River and the Pe‘ekaua‘i Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 4 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Ditch. The proposed project area is partially in the Joerger and Streck 1979 study area within Area 2 (see Figure 7). No subsurface testing was conducted, but exposed soil stratigraphic sections were observed. Joerger and Streck noted of Area 2: The portion of the Peekauai Ditch included within the survey area, however, has been extensively modified through realignment of the watercourse and destruction of the original construction […] The ditch was apparently realigned during the 1920s […] [and] portions of the Menehune Ditch were exposed by the building of the ‘new’ ditch and road. [Joerger and Streck 1979:27] No historic properties were identified within the proposed project area. SIHP # 50-30- 09-26, Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch (Menehune Ditch), is located to the west outside the proposed project area and will not be affected by the construction of the Waimea River Ford Crossing Project. Initiation of Section 106 Consultation, HRS §6E-8 Consultation, and Request for Concurrence with Project APE This letter respectfully requests the initiation of consultation under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and HRS §6E-8 consultation with SHPD for the Waimea River Ford Crossing Project. We look forward to receiving comments regarding the undertaking and the archaeological work conducted for the project to date. Additionally, within 30 days from notification, the County requests concurrence with the Waimea River Ford Crossing Project’s APE as described and depicted in this letter and its enclosures addressed to Troy Tanigawa via email at publicworks@kauai.gov, or by U.S. Postal Service to Public Works Department, 4444 Rice Street, Suite 275, Lihue, HI, 96766, or contact Ms. Christie Bagley at (808) 241-4885 or cbagley@kauai.gov. We look forward to working with you on this needed undertaking. Sincerely, Michael Moule, P.E. Chief, Engineering Division Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 5 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Figure 1. Portion of the 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing the location of the proposed project area/APE Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 6 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Figure 2. Hawai‘i State Tax Map Key (TMK) [4] 1-6-001, showing the proposed project area/APE, (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014) Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 7 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Figure 3. 2013 aerial photograph of the proposed project area/APE (Google Earth) Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 8 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Figure 4. Demolition and erosion control plan showing the proposed project area (courtesy of client) Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 9 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Figure 5. 2013 aerial photo showing project area/APE (Google Earth) Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 10 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Figure 6. Portion of the 1996 Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing the location of LCA parcels and the proposed project area/APE Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 11 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Table 1. Previous archaeological studies within and near the Waimea River Ford Crossing project area Reference Type of Study Location Results Joerger and Streck 1979 Cultural resource reconnaissance Waimea River flood control study Exposed soil stratigraphy on west bank of Waimea River near mouth, showed recent fill Kikuchi 1983 Archaeological reconnaissance Menehune Rd, Waimea One historic property, SIHP # 50- 30-09-01870, burial identified Hammatt and Ida 1993 Archaeological inventory survey 1-acre Waimea Town lot Recorded cultural layer, dated to AD 1000-1275, and a burial designated SIHP # 50-30-05-04012 Ida and Hammatt 1993 Archaeological subsurface survey Waimea, Kaua‘i, TMK: [4] 1-6- 001:004 One historic property identified, SIHP # 50-30-09-00559, a trash deposit Chiogioji et al. 2004 Archaeological field inspection Ten localities within Kōke‘e and Waimea Canyon State Parks, TMK: [4] 4-8-001 No significant findings Kamai and Hammatt 2015 Archaeological inventory survey Menehune Rd, TMK: [4] 1-5-001:002 Two historic properties identified: SIHP #s 50-30-09-02271, ditch and tunnel segments and -00026, Kikia‘ola Ditch Tomonari- Tuggle and Duarte 2017 Archaeological inventory survey Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch in Waimea Valley Extensive discussion and documentation for a portion of SIHP # 50-30-09-00026, Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch Table 2. Historic properties identified in the vicinity of the Waimea River Ford Crossing project area SIHP # (50-30-09) Site Type Age References 26 Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch (Menehune Ditch) Pre- Contact Bennett 1931:105–106 Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 12 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Figure 7. Portion of 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe USGS topographic quadrangles, showing locations of previous archaeological projects in and around the vicinity of the proposed project area/APE Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 13 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer Figure 8. Portions of 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe USGS topographic quadrangles, showing locations of previously identified historic properties nearest to the proposed project area/APE Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 14 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer References Cited Bennett, Wendell C. 1931 The Archaeology of Kaua‘i. Bishop Museum Bulletin 80. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Chiogioji, Rodney, Kēhaulani Souza, and Hallett H. Hammatt 2004 Cultural Impact Assessment for Kokee and Waimea Canyon State Parks, Waimea Ahupuaa, Kona (Waimea) District, Island of Kauai (TMK 4-8-01). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Google Earth Imagery 2013 Aerial photographs of Hawai‘i. Google Inc., Mountain View, California. Available online at www.google.com/earth.html. Hammatt, Hallett H. and Gerald K. Ida 1993 Inventory Survey of Approximately 1 Acre in Waimea Town, Kauai, Waimea District, Kauai (TMK 1-6-5:82, 12). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Kailua, Hawai‘i. Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014 Tax Map Key [4] 1-6-01. Hawai‘i TMK Service, Honolulu. Ida, Gerald K. and Hallett H. Hammatt 1993 Archaeological Subsurface Survey of The Campos Property, Waimea, Kauai (TMK 1-6-01:4). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Kailua, Hawai‘i. Joerger, Pauline King and Charles F. Streck Jr. 1979 Cultural Resource Reconnaissance of the Waimea River Flood Control Study Area, Kauai, Hawaii. Hawai‘i Marine Research, Inc., Honolulu. Kamai, Missy and Hallett H. Hammatt 2015 Archaeological Inventory Survey Report for the Menehune Road Rockfall Mitigation near Swinging Bridge, Phases 1-2-3 with Additional 1 Acre Waimea Ahupuaa, Kona District, Kauai TMK: [4] 1-5-001:002. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Kikuchi, William K. 1983 Waimea 12 inch Transmission Main, Waimea Intake Towards Waimea Town, Job # 81-5, Waimea, Island of Kaua‘i. Crafts-Hawai‘i, ‘Ōma‘o, Kaua‘i. Tomonari-Tuggle, M.J. and Trever Duarte 2017 Archaeological Inventory Survey of Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch, Ahupua‘a of Waimea, Kona District, Island of Kaua‘i Portions of TMK 4-1-5-001:002 and 4-1-5- 002:008. International Archaeology, LLC, Honolulu. Suzanne D. Case August 20, 2020 Page 15 of 15 www.kauai.gov 4444 Rice Street Suite 275 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4883 (b) • (808) 241-6609 (f) An Equal Opportunity Employer USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) 1991 Kekaha USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. 1996 Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. Waimea River Ford Crossing Waimea, Kaua‘i Presented by: County of Kaua‘i, Department of Public Works KAI Hawaii Bow Engineering & Development, Inc. Project Location: 1.3 miles north of Waimea Town,in the Waimea District on the south- western region of the Island of Kaua‘i. Purpose The County of Kaua‘i Department of Public Works proposes to replace the existingWaimeaRiverearthencrossingwithamorepermanentcrossingtopreventerosionofthecrossingandtoreduce the amount of maintenance required.The objectivesare: •To protect the health and safety of the public. •To provide reliable access for residents and farmers across the Waimea River. Funding •State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) •County of Kaua‘i •Federal Funds *This project is subject to County, State, and Federal laws and regulations. FORD CROSSING OPTION 1 –CONCRETE –LONGITUDINAL SECTION FORD CROSSING OPTION 2 –ROCK AND GABIONS –LONGITUDINAL SECTION FORD CROSSING OPTION 1 –CONCRETE –CROSS SECTION FORD CROSSING OPTION 2 –ROCK AND GABIONS –CROSS SECTION Environmental Review Procedures Review Procedures required by the State of Hawai‘i •Compliance with Chapter 343, HRS “Environmental Impact Statements” •Department of Health Title 11, Chapter 200.1, Hawaii Administrative Rules (HAR), “Environmental Impact Statement Rules” •Final Environmental Assessment (FEA) and Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) •Publication of the Draft EA: October 8, 2020 of The Environmental Notice (https://health.hawaii.gov/oeqc/) EA Findings and Determination •As set forth in Section 11-200.1-13, HAR, in considering the significance of potential environmental effects, an agency must “consider every phase of a proposed action, the expected impacts, and the proposed mitigation measures.” •The recommended preliminary determination for the Waimea River Ford Crossing is a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). •No long-term adverse environmental or public health impacts associated with the proposed action. •Determinations: •Field Inspections (Biological and Archaeological) •Construction activities subject to State and County Regulations and permit conditions Early Consultation The following agencies,organizations, and individuals were sent a preliminary project description for comments and questions prior to preparation of the Draft EA of the proposed project. FEDERAL AGENCIES -U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service -Department of Army -Corps of Engineers -Environmental Protection Agency, -Region IX, Pacific Islands -U.S. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service STATE AGENCIES -Department of Health, Environmental Health Administration -Department of Agriculture -Department of Transportation -Office of Planning -University of Hawai‘i Environmental Center -University of Hawai‘i Water Resources Research Center -Office of Hawaiian Affairs -Department of Hawaiian Home Lands -Department of Land and Natural Resources -Department of Land and Natural Resources -Historic Preservation Division COUNTY OF KAUA‘I -Department of Planning -Fire Department -Police Department -Transportation Agency ELECTED OFFICIALS County Council Representative COMMUNITY Nearby residents * Those that provided written comments (either by hard copy or electronically) are highlighted in italics O‘ahu Office P.O. Box 1114 Kailua, Hawai‘i 96734 Ph.: (808) 262-9972 Fax: (808) 262-4950 www.culturalsurveys.com Maui Office 1860 Main St. Wailuku, Hawai‘i 96793 Ph.: (808) 242-9882 Fax: (808) 244-1994 FINAL Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection Report for the Waimea River Ford Crossing Project, Waimea Ahupua‘a, Waimea District, Kaua‘i TMKs: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 Prepared for Bow Engineering & Development, Inc. on behalf of County of Kaua‘i Prepared by William H. Folk, B.A., Nancine “Missy” Kamai, B.A., and Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. Kailua, Hawai‘i (Job Code: WAIMEA 31) September 2020 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Management Summary LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 i Management Summary Reference Archaeological Literature Review and Field Inspection Report for the Waimea River Ford Crossing Project, Waimea Ahupua‘a, Waimea District, Kaua‘i, TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 (Folk et al. 2020) Date September 2020 Project Number(s) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Investigation Permit Number CSH completed the fieldwork component of this study under archaeological fieldwork permit number 19-07, issued by the Hawai‘i State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) per Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-13-282. Agencies State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources/State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) Land Jurisdiction State of Hawai‘i, County of Kaua‘i, and Private Project Proponent County of Kaua‘i Project Funding State of Hawai‘i and County of Kaua‘i Project Location The proposed project area crosses into Waimea River from Menehune Road on the Waimea side of the river to a dirt road on the Makaweli side of the river, extending 60 m to the north. The proposed project is located approximately 125 m (410 feet [ft]) south of the Waimea Swinging Bridge. The project area is depicted on a portion of the 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5- minute topographic quadrangles. Project Description The proposed project would replace the existing earthen crossing with either a concrete or aggregate-based crossing within Waimea River to reduce the amount of maintenance required. The approaches to the ford crossing would be hardened to prevent erosion. Project Acreage and Area of Potential Effect (APE) The Waimea River ford crossing’s project area is 0.98 acre (0.40 hectare). The APE is the same as the project area. Document Purpose This investigation was designed—through detailed historical, cultural, and archaeological background research and a field inspection of the study area—to determine the likelihood that cultural resources/historic properties may be affected by the project and, based on findings, consider cultural resource management recommendations. This document is intended to facilitate the project’s planning and support the project’s historic preservation and environmental review compliance. This investigation does not fulfill the requirements of an archaeological inventory survey investigation, per HAR §13-276. This document may be used to support Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act consultation. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Management Summary LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 ii Fieldwork Effort CSH archaeologist Missy Kamai, B.A., accomplished fieldwork on 12 September 2019 under the general supervision of Principal Investigator Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D. This work required approximately 1 person-day to complete. Summary of Findings No historic properties were identified within the proposed project area. Recommendations Recommendation is for a letter of determination from agency to agency to facilitate the Section 106 process due to Army Core of Engineer’s permit as well as to facilitate consultation with SHPD. Based on the lack of findings and the proposed project—construction of a concrete ford crossing and the hardening of the riverbanks—no further archaeological work is needed. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 iii Table of Contents Management Summary ............................................................................................................ i Section 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 Project Background ....................................................................................................................... 1 Historic Preservation Regulatory Context ..................................................................................... 1 Scope of Work ............................................................................................................................... 1 Document Purpose ......................................................................................................................... 7 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................................... 7 1.5.1 Natural Environment............................................................................................................... 7 1.5.1 Built Environment .................................................................................................................. 9 Methods ......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.6.1 Document Review .................................................................................................................. 9 1.6.2 Field Methods ......................................................................................................................... 9 Section 2 Background Research ........................................................................................... 10 Mythological and Traditional Accounts ...................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Nā Wahi Pana (Place Names, Sacred Places, and Landscapes) ........................................... 10 Nā moʻolelo o ka wā kahiko (Mythological and Traditional Stories) .......................................... 14 2.2.1 Waimea Ahupua‘a ................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.2 Makaweli Ahupua‘a .............................................................................................................. 18 Early Historic Period ................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Land Ownership of Waimea and Makaweli: 1778–1848 ..................................................... 19 2.3.2 The Māhele and the Kuleana Act ......................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Mid- to Late 1800s ................................................................................................................ 25 2.3.2 Sugar Industry ....................................................................................................................... 28 2.3.3 1900s to the Present .............................................................................................................. 31 Previous Archaeological Research in and Around the Proposed Project .................................... 36 2.4.1 Heiau on Kaua‘i (Thrum 1906) ............................................................................................ 36 2.4.2 Archaeology on Kaua‘i (Bennett 1931) ................................................................................ 36 2.4.3 Archaeological Studies along Menehune Road (Kikuchi 1983; Kamai and Hammatt 2015; Tomonari-Tuggle and Duarte 2017) .................................................................... 36 2.4.4 Proposed State Agricultural Park (Hammatt and Ida 1993) ................................................. 41 2.4.5 West Bank of Waimea River (Joerger and Streck 1979) ...................................................... 41 2.4.6 A Parcel along Gay Road (Ida and Hammatt 1993) ............................................................. 41 2.4.7 Kōke‘e and Waimea Canyon State Parks (Chiogioji et al. 2004) ......................................... 41 Background Summary ................................................................................................................. 42 Section 3 Results of Fieldwork .............................................................................................. 43 Pedestrian Inspection Results ...................................................................................................... 43 Section 4 Summary and Recommendations ........................................................................ 47 Section 5 References Cited .................................................................................................... 48 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Portion of the 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing the location of the proposed project area ..........................................2 Figure 2. Hawai‘i State Tax Map Key (TMK) [4] 1-6-01, showing proposed project location, (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014) ..............................................................................................3 Figure 3. Aerial photograph of the proposed Project area (Google Earth 2013) .............................4 Figure 4. Demolition and erosion control plan showing the proposed project (courtesy of client) 5 Figure 5. Photo of the ford crossing area, view to north (courtesy of client) ..................................6 Figure 6. Overlay of Soil Survey of the State of Hawaii (Foote et al. 1972), indicating soil types within and surrounding the project area (USDA SSURGO 2001) ......................................8 Figure 7. 1891 Imlay map (RM 2246) showing Gay and Robinson lands in Waimea and place names (mainly ‘ili names) surrounding the proposed project area ....................................11 Figure 8. A portion of the 1918 Thrum and Evans map of Waimea Valley lots, showing the relationship of the Pe‘ekaua‘i (Menehune) Ditch to the APE ...........................................16 Figure 9. A portion of the 1918 Thrum and Evans map of Waimea Valley lots, showing the various river crossings in relation to the APE ...................................................................21 Figure 10. Portion of the 1996 Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing the location of LCAs and the proposed project area ................................................................26 Figure 11. The proposed project area/APE overlaid on a 2013 aerial photo showing the location of LCAs in the immediate vicinity (Google Earth) ...........................................................27 Figure 12. A portion of a 1906 Donn map of Kaua‘i, showing the boundaries of land use for taro/rice cultivation, sugarcane cultivation, and pasture in relation to the proposed project area .....................................................................................................................................29 Figure 13. Photo (n.d.) showing a Waimea river crossing (Hawai‘i State Archives) ....................30 Figure 14. A portion of a 1910 Mana and Hanapepe USGS topographic quadrangles, showing the proposed project area .........................................................................................................33 Figure 15. A portion of a 1963 Kekaha and Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangles, showing proposed project area location just southeast to the 1963 river ford crossing ..............................................................................................................................34 Figure 16. 1966 Waimea coast aerial photograph (UH SOEST), showing proposed project location just southeast to the 1966 river ford crossing ......................................................35 Figure 17. Portion of 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe USGS topographic quadrangles, showing locations of previous archaeological projects in and around the vicinity of the proposed project area/APE ................................................................................................................37 Figure 18. Portions of 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe USGS topographic quadrangles, showing locations of previously identified historic properties nearest to the proposed project area/APE ................................................................................................................39 Figure 19 and Figure 20. Photos of Waimea side of the river, north view (left), south view (right) ............................................................................................................................................43 Figure 21. Photo of proposed project area from the Waimea side of the river, view to northeast 44 Figure 22. Photo of proposed project area from the Makaweli side of the river, view to southwest ............................................................................................................................................44 Figure 23. Photo of Waimea side of the river, taken from the Makaweli side showing parking area for vehicles belonging to Makaweli residents, view to southwest .............................45 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 v Figure 24. Photo of Waimea side of the river, taken from the Makaweli side showing parking area for vehicles belonging to Makaweli residents who walk across the river via the Waimea Swinging Bridge, view to southwest ...................................................................45 Figure 25. Makaweli resident or lo‘i farmer driving through the Waimea River via the “ford crossing,” view to southeast ...............................................................................................46 Figure 26. Makaweli resident or lo‘i farmer driving through the Waimea River via the “ford crossing,” view to east .......................................................................................................46 List of Tables Table 1. Land Commission Awards near the vicinity of the proposed project area ......................23 Table 2. Waimea Port exports between 1850 and 1851 .................................................................25 Table 3. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project area ..................................38 Table 4. Previously identified archaeological sites from Figure 18 ..............................................40 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Introduction LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 1 Section 1 Introduction Project Background At the request of Mr. William F. Bow of Bow Engineering & Development, Inc., on behalf of the County of Kaua‘i (CoK), Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc. (CSH) has prepared this archaeological literature review and field inspection study (LRFI) for the Waimea River Ford Crossing Project, Waimea Ahupua‘a, Waimea District, Kaua‘i, TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888. The proposed project extends across Waimea River, approximately 125 m south of the Waimea Swinging Bridge. The project area is depicted on a portion of the 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles (Figure 1), a tax map plat (Figure 2), a 2013 aerial photograph (Figure 3), a client-provided demolition and control plan showing the proposed project (Figure 4), and a client-provided photo (Figure 5). The 0.40-hectare (0.98-acre) proposed project area traverses State of Hawai‘i, CoK, and private lands. The proposed project consists of the CoK replacing the existing earthen crossing with either a concrete or aggregate-based crossing within Waimea River to reduce the amount of maintenance required. The approaches to the ford crossing would be hardened to prevent erosion. Six permanent residents use the crossing as their sole vehicular access to their homes. When the crossing is not usable, the residents park on the long shoulder of Menehune Road on the Waimea side of the river and use the Waimea Swinging Bridge to get to their homes. There are also other users who have farmlands, including lo‘i (taro terraces), across the river who use the ford crossing. Historic Preservation Regulatory Context Due to Army Corps of Engineering permitting, this project requires compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation and the National Environmental Policy Act. Scope of Work The scope of work for this archaeological LRFI is as follows: 1. Historical research to include study of archival sources, historic maps, Land Commission Awards, and previous archaeological reports to construct a history of land use and to determine if archaeological sites have been recorded on or near this property. 2. Limited field inspection of the project area to identify any surface archaeological features and to investigate and assess the potential for impact to such sites. This assessment will identify any sensitive areas that may require further investigation or mitigation before the project proceeds. 3. Preparation of a report to include the results of the historical research and the limited fieldwork with an assessment of archaeological potential based on that research, with recommendations for further archaeological work, if appropriate. It will also provide mitigation recommendations if there are archaeologically sensitive areas that need to be taken into consideration. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Introduction LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 2 Figure 1. Portion of the 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles showing the location of the proposed project area Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Introduction LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 3 Figure 2. Hawai‘i State Tax Map Key (TMK) [4] 1-6-01, showing proposed project location, (Hawai‘i TMK Service 2014) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Introduction LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 4 Figure 3. Aerial photograph of the proposed Project area (Google Earth 2013) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Introduction LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 5 Figure 4. Demolition and erosion control plan showing the proposed project (courtesy of client) Potential Staging Area Over Rip Rap TYP. (1,500 SF) Potential Staging Area Over Rip Rap TYP. (2,000 SF) Staging Area TYP. (950 SF) Staging Area Approx. 40’ x 60’ WAIMEA RIVER (STATE) STREAM TMK: (4) 1-6-001:888 Menehune Road (Private) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Introduction LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 6 Figure 5. Photo of the ford crossing area, view to north (courtesy of client) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Introduction LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 7 Document Purpose This investigation was designed—through detailed historical, cultural, and archaeological background research and a field inspection of the study area—to determine the likelihood that cultural resources/historic properties may be affected by the project and, based on findings, consider cultural resource management recommendations. This document is intended to facilitate the project’s planning and support the project’s historic preservation and environmental review compliance. This investigation does not fulfill the requirements of an archaeological inventory survey investigation, per Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-276. This document may be used to support Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act consultation. Environmental Setting 1.5.1 Natural Environment Waimea River separates the ahupua‘a (traditional land division) of Waimea and Makaweli. Waimea Ahupua‘a is the largest ahupua‘a on the island. It comprises 92,646 acres, accounting for more than a quarter of the total land area of Kaua‘i. It encompasses all of the Waimea River Canyon area, the uplands of Kōke‘e, the high swampy plateau of Alaka‘i, and the northwestern coastal valleys of Nu‘alolo and Miloli‘i. Information about the ahupua‘a of Makaweli is sketchy, though it can be compared to the adjacent land area of Waimea, which is similar in many ways. The lower portions of Kaua‘i’s southwest plains, which include Waimea and Makaweli, are dry and get little rainfall—less than 30 inches annually with an average of 20 inches per year near the coast (Juvik and Juvik. 1998:56). Water for crop irrigation and sustainability of large settlements would have been a problem. However, on this drier southwestern side of Kaua‘i, evidence of well-terraced and cultivated areas deep in the canyons of Waimea and Makaweli support the idea of a large inland population rather than a coastal one. Mountain trails that led to the sea allowed for trade with coastal dwellers. A particular taro variety, the ha‘o kea, was said to be fast growing and well adapted to the cold stream water and shallow soil at higher elevations. Another variety, nā kalo a ‘Ola, was reputed to have grown in high inaccessible places deep in the canyon recesses (Handy and Handy 1972:397). Freshets from mountain streams provided freshwater fish and shell fish such as ‘o‘opu (Eleotridae, Gobiidae and Blennidae), ‘ōpae (Palaemon), and hihiwai (Neritina granosa). On the hillsides above the flood plains the mōhihi varieties of sweet potato were planted. As in other places, kō (sugarcane), mai‘a (banana), and pia (arrow root) would have been grown on the outer edges of cultivated patches. Other plants such as uhi (yam), ‘awa (Piper methysticum), wauke (paper mulberry), and olonā (Touchardia latifolia) probably grew wild in the wet gulches. There would also have been kukui (Aleurites moluccana) as well as ‘ulu (breadfruit; Artocarpus altilis) and kī (Cordyline terminalis). Native woods would have been utilized for floats, weapons, canoes and paddles. Bird catchers would have had access to feathers for lei, royal kahili (standard), capes and helmets. All of these items would have provided the necessary food and supplies to sustain a large inland population (Handy and Handy 1972:397–400). According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database (2001) and soil survey data gathered by Foote et al. (1972), the proposed project area consists of Waimea river (Water [W]) and Riverwash (rRH) on either side of the river (Figure 6). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Introduction LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 8 Figure 6. Overlay of Soil Survey of the State of Hawaii (Foote et al. 1972), indicating soil types within and surrounding the project area (USDA SSURGO 2001) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Introduction LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 9 Riverwash is described with the following: […] nearly level bars of sand, gravel, and stones along perennial and intermittent streams on the island of Kauai. In places it consists mainly of large stones and boulders. It is nearly bare of vegetation and is subject to overflow and shifting during normally high water. Accessible areas of Riverwash are sources of material for roadbuilding and other kinds of construction. [Foote et al. 118] 1.5.1 Built Environment The proposed project area extends across Waimea River into two ahupua‘a, Waimea and Makaweli, approximately 125 m south of the Waimea Swinging bridge. From the Waimea side, the crossing is at the base of the Waimea River levee at the bank of the river. It extends through the river to a dirt road on the Makaweli side of the river (see Figure 5). The Waimea River levee parallels Menehune Road, a major coast-to-inland thoroughfare through Waimea Town, and residential development is present near the proposed project on both sides of the river (see Figure 3). Methods 1.6.1 Document Review Historic and archival research included information obtained from the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa’s Hamilton Library, the State Historic Preservation Division Library, the Hawai‘i State Archives, the State Land Survey Division, the Bishop Museum Archives, and the Kauai Historical Society. Previous archaeological reports for the area were reviewed, as were historic maps, historic photos, and primary and secondary historical sources. Information on Land Commission Awards was accessed through Waihona ‘Āina Corporation’s Māhele database (Waihona ‘Aina 2020) and Ulukau: The Hawaiian Electronic Library’s Māhele Data Base (Ulukau 2014). This research provided the environmental, cultural, historic, and archaeological background for the project area. The sources studied were used to formulate a predictive model regarding the expected types and locations of historic properties in the project area. 1.6.2 Field Methods CSH completed the fieldwork component of this study under archaeological fieldwork permit number 19-07, issued by the State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) pursuant to Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-13-282. CSH archaeologist Missy Kamai, B.A., conducted fieldwork on 12 September 2019 under the general supervision of Principal Investigator Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D. This work required approximately a 1 person-day to complete. In general, the purpose of the field inspection was to develop data on the nature, density, and distribution of archaeological sites within the project area, and to develop information on the degree of difficulty that vegetation and terrain create for future archaeological studies. The field inspection consisted of a walk-through reconnaissance of the project area. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 10 Section 2 Background Research Mythological and Traditional Accounts On the southwest side of Kaua‘i, Waimea is the name of a canyon, river, and ahupua‘a. Waimea is literally translated as “reddish water” (wai – water, mea – reddish), and it is at Waimea where Captain Cook first landed in Hawai‘i in 1778 (Pukui et al. 1974:225). The proposed project area, located south of the ‘ili (small land division) of Kapalawai and east of the ‘ili of Kīkīaola, extends across Waimea River into two ahupua‘a: Waimea and Makaweli. 2.1.1 Nā Wahi Pana (Place Names, Sacred Places, and Landscapes) A Hawaiian wahi pana is also referred to as a place name. “In Hawaiian culture, if a particular spot is given a name, it is because an event occurred there which has meaning for the people of that time” (McGuire and Hammatt 2000:17). Nā wahi pana were passed on through the oral tradition, preserving the unique significance of each place. Nā wahi pana can refer to natural geographic locations, such as streams, peaks, rock formations, ridges, and offshore islands and reefs, or they can refer to Hawaiian divisions, such as ahupua‘a, ‘ili, mo‘o (narrow strip of land), and man-made structures, such as fishponds, reservoirs, kula (farm pasture), and kauhale (group of houses). Hawaiians named all sorts of objects, places, and points of interest (Figure 7) 2.1.1.1 Waimea Ahupua‘a Waimea, of southwest Kaua‘i, is the name of the canyon, land division and ahupua‘a. Kekaha, an ‘ili within the ahupua‘a of Waimea, is literally translated as “the place” (Pukui et al. 1974:106). Mānā, also in ‘ili in the ahupua‘a of Waimea, literally translates as “arid” (Pukui et al. 1974:144). Wichman describes Mānā, with its rich history, many stories, and legends with the following: [A] land of sand, marsh, and heat, intermingled fresh and salt water, a land of decorated gourds and of fishermen, the home of supernatural white and black dogs, a land where confused spirits of the newly dead wandered, was not at first a desirable place to live. [Wichman 1998:158–159] Polihale, “house bosom” is referred to as a beach, heiau (pre-Christian place of worship), cliff, and spring (Soehren 2013:165; Wichman 1998:162). Wichman explains that the spirits of the dead from all over Kaua‘i came to Polihale and gathered in Kā‘ana, then followed Hikimoe, a stream to the heiau to rest. The spirits would then climb to the top of the cliff and leap into the ocean and into Pō (Wichman 1998:163). Pōki‘i, the name of the ridge and ‘ili within Waimea Ahupua‘a, literally translates as “youngest brother or sister” (Pukui et al. 1974:188). Kaunalewa is the land section and ridge in the Waimea District and literally translates as “swaying place” (Pukui et al. 1974:95), perhaps referring to a coconut grove that was once there. The sacred heiau of Makahoa is located mauka of the current study area and literally translates as “friendly point” (Pukui et al. 1974:140). According to a community member, this wahi pana was used for astronomy purposes such as ceremonies during the solstices. The Makahoa Heiau was described as destroyed. Bennett describes the heiau as Makahoe, marking its location on Niu Ridge in Kaunalewa (Bennett 1931:102). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 11 Figure 7. 1891 Imlay map (RM 2246) showing Gay and Robinson lands in Waimea and place names (mainly ‘ili names) surrounding the proposed project area Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 12 Kahelu Heiau was once located in the Mānā area and is literally translated as “the number” or “the scratch” (Pukui et al. 1974:64). Thrum describes the heiau as “A heiau of platform character at the base of the hill, about 6 feet high in front, not of large size” (Bennett 1931:102). Ho‘one‘enu‘u Heiau is located mauka of the current study area on Kaunalewa Ridge. According to Pukui and Elbert (1986), “ho‘one‘e” literally translates as “to move along” (Pukui and Elbert 1986:82) and “nu‘u” translates as “high place” (Pukui and Elbert 1986:273). The literal translation for Ho‘one‘enu‘u may therefore be “to move along to the high place.” Kapua‘i refers to a point; it literally means “the bubbling & flowing out of fresh water” (Flores et al. 1993:II-11; Motteler 1974:29). Wichman (1998:160) cites this as “where the beach makes its turn on the way to Waimea.” Nohili is the name for a swamp, ditch, point, beach area, and sand dune (Flores et al. 1993:II- 14, Motteler 1974:29). Wichman (1998:160) writes, “Behind Kapu‘ai is a series of large sand dunes called Ke-one-kani-o-Nohili.” Pukui also refers to Nohili: “Nohili is the old name, famed in song and chant, for Barking Sands, Mānā, Kaua‘i” (Pukui 1983:190 #1774). She even refers to the beach at Nohili and the strange noises it makes (Pukui 1983:269 #2468). Motteler mentions Nohili pond (Motteler 1974:30). Keanapuka refers to the “Beach area, Canoe Landing, Fishing Village. Lit, the passage [through the beach rock and reef to the ocean]” (Flores et al. 1993:II-12). Pukui cites the canoe landing in a ‘ōlelo no‘eau (Hawaiian proverb) mentioned in a later paragraph (Pukui 1983:318– 319 #2910). Moelola refers to a locality and means striped tapa (Flores et al. 1993:II-14). There is no other mention of this place. Kuaki‘i refers to a stone ki‘i (image) and a beach, meaning “image [of the] back, referring to the image of a person’s side-view on a stone that is submerged in the ocean just off the reef area at this site” (Flores et al. 1993:II-13). An oral tale concerning this name was given in an interview done by Flores et al.: There were a few individuals that were going from Mānā to the island of Ni‘ihau in an outrigger canoe. Therefore,—in order to protect themselves from the spirits on that island—the men put a stone image carved in the shape of a person in the front of their canoe. If the spirits should attack them when they landed on Ni‘ihau, the spirits would bite into this stone image and break their teeth. However, after launching their canoe from the shores of Kaua‘i—their canoe overturned a short distance from the beach near the off-shore surf. After being able to only retrieve one half of this stone image, they continued on their journey to Ni‘ihau. It is said that the other half is still submerged off-shore and can be seen even until this day. The shape of this stone is said to resemble the side-profile of a person’s back and leg. [Flores et al. 1993:IV-66–67] Palaiholani is a beach area, a boat landing, and a point (Flores et al. 1993:II-14). Flores et al. 1993 quote some of the elders of the area about this place. Some of the elders recall boats being launched from here (Flores et al. 1993:V-71). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 13 Travelling from Mānā to the Nā Pali area was usually done on the ocean where the canoes and boats could be launched from beaches with unobstructed reefs and passageways such as at Palaiholani, Keanapuka, Po‘oahonu, Keawanai‘a, and Polihale. [Fores et al. 1993:VI–I] Kohomahana is as a beach area (Flores et al. 1993:II-12). An interview with an elder recalls Kohomahana: The corral used to be over here [mauka side of road across from the Japanese cemetery at Pacific Missle Range Facility (PMRF)]. And used to get a fence running straight. That’s Kohomahana [toward the beach] right over there where that stuff stay. That’s Kohomahana fence. When we used to come to go that side [toward Polihale], this was the best way to go—no more mud. This place when rain, you never can make it to go Polihale. Never. You got to come inside here and then you stay on that sand to go Polihale. This place [was] all swamp. But plenty fish those days [in the swamp]! [Flores et al. 1993:V-59] Kawai‘ele is a pond (Motteler 1974:30). It is also referred to as a beach area point, fishing grounds, ditch, and pumping station (Flores et al. 1993:II-12). Waiokapua, also known as Major’s Bay or Waiokapua‘a, is a beach and bay area as well as a point meaning water of the pig (Flores et al. 1993:II-17; Motteler 1974:29). Waiolono is a beach area and point, meaning water of Lono (Flores et al. 1993:II-17). Kokole refers to a point and lighthouse, meaning any food crop stunted by weeds or drought (Flores et al. 1993:II-12). 2.1.1.2 Makaweli Ahupua‘a Makaweli, which means “fearful features,” refers to a landing, ahupua‘a, and a river in what is presently called the Waimea district on the south coast of Kaua‘i (Pukui et al. 1974:142), or perhaps it was named in reference to the glaring, threatening eyes of religious images or the fearful eyes of the victims (Wichman 1998:22). A more ancient name for Makaweli is Ho‘ānuanu which means “to cause cold” (Pukui 1983:47). This older name is no longer used to refer to Makaweli Ahupua‘a as a whole; however, it is a name still used to refer to Ho‘anuanu Bay along the ocean. Another interpretation of Makaweli was given by a Robinson family member. To him, Makaweli means “red eyes.” This is because of the dry, dusty climate and especially the fine red dirt Makaweli is famous for, which makes the eyes red. A similar meaning of “burning eyes” was given. The last two interpretations are likely recent interpretations of the name. “As with all place names, meanings may change over time according to usage or to mark events of a particular period in time” (McGuire et al. 1999:13). Kekupua Valley, which means “Valley near Makaweli [...] Three heiau for human sacrifice were here: Kii-ana-lili, A‘a-kukui, and Ka-unu-loa” (Pukui et al. 1974:107). Kaunuloa, meaning “the long pebble,” is alternately identified as the landing place for canoes and traced to the etymology “long end piece of a canoe” (Wichman 1998:24). Keolo‘ewa, name of a ridge west of Waimea River, was named after the god of sorcerers and black magic (Wichman 1998:12). Maha‘iha‘i meaning “brittle” is a small plain upriver of La‘au-‘ōkala edged on one side by 20-ft-high cliffs where there was a large sport field. It was the site of the first home of missionaries Whitney and Ruggles in 1820 (Wichman 1998:9). The place names in the vicinity of the Kapalawai (meaning “the water moss”) refer to many of the most important cultigens introduced by Polynesians which most likely formed dietary staples or were frequently used as raw materials by the people of the area. These include the well-known Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 14 breadfruit (Kumu-‘ulu), coconuts (Kumu-niu), mountain-apples (Kumu-‘ōhia), candle-nuts (Aa-kukui and Kumu-kukui) and hau (Kumuhau). Certain native plants are referred to including hapu‘u tree fern (Kiinehapu‘u); koai‘e, a form of koa (Koai‘e Valley); manienie‘ula—a golden beardgrass (Manienie‘ula Ridge); mokihana whose fragrant fruits are symbolic of Kaua‘i (Mokihana Valley and Mokihana Ridge); and the ‘iliahi or sandalwood indirectly referred to in the place name Pu‘u wahie. Kapalawai is also relatively rich in references to birds in place names including ‘Ahuimanu, Kaholuamanu, and Wai‘alae with only the last place name specific to a type of bird (the mudhen or Hawaiian gallinule; Gallinula chloropus sandwichensis). It seems probable that a variety of birds including the ‘alae were harvested by Hawaiians (McGuire et al. 1999:18, 19). Nā moʻolelo o ka wā kahiko (Mythological and Traditional Stories) 2.2.1 Waimea Ahupua‘a 2.2.1.1 The Legend of Kūapāka‘a Each ahupua‘a had an associated wind. In the Legend of Kūapāka‘a, the hero who controls the wind gourd of La‘amaomao chants the winds of Kaua‘i. The winds in the ahupua‘a of Waimea and Makaweli are as follows: The aikoo is of Nualolo He aikoo ko Nualolo, The kuehukai is of Milolii, He kuehu kai ko Milolii, The puukapele is of Mana, He puukapele ko Mana, The moeahua is of Kekaha, He moeahua ko Kekaha, The waipaoa is of Waimea, He waipaoa ko Waimea, [The kapaahoa is of Kahana], He kapaahoa ko Kahana, The makaupili is of Peapea, He makaupili ko Peapea, [Fornander 1918:5:94–96] 2.2.1.2 Pele and Her Sisters: the Winds and Waters There are many legends of the Hawaiian volcano goddess Pele on the island of Hawai‘i. Pele and her sisters left their ancestral home of Hawaiki (the Marquesan Islands) and journeyed to Hawai‘i. On Kaua‘i, Pele’s siblings, her sisters Kapo‘ulakina‘u (Kapo), a brother Kahuilaokalani (Kahuila), and the youngest sister, Kapokūlanimoeha‘unaiki (Moeha‘una) landed on the shores of Mānā, an ‘ili of the western section of Waimea. A handsome chief, Limaloa, with a feather cape greeted the travelers. Limaloa fell in love with Moeha‘una and begged her to stay with him in Mānā as the other siblings traveled onward east toward Waimea village. The group stopped on a ridge, missing their sister, and looked back toward Mānā. To commemorate the spot, Kahuila suggested they name the ridge Pōki‘ikauna, meaning “the yearning for the little sister.” This may be a reference to the ridge near the project area called Pōki‘i (Wichman 1991:32–38). When the Hawaiian goddess, Pele, traveled to Kaua‘i, she recited the winds of Kaua‘i to her lover Lohi‘au and his people. Several place names, generally names of ‘ili and other place names within the ahupua‘a of Waimea and Makaweli are found. The winds of Kaua‘i blow, urged on… A pa a noua ka makani o Kaua‘i… Kaua‘i is what I see and know ‘O Kaua‘i ka‘u i ‘ike A land where the winds assemble… He ‘āina na ka makani i ho‘olulu ai… Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 15 Pōki‘i has a Lamalamapū‘ilikai He Lamalamapū‘ilikai ko Pōki‘i… wind… ‘Āina‘ike has a Mau‘umae wind… He Mau‘umae ko ‘Āina‘ike… Kapa‘eli has a Holonaku wind He Holonaku ko Kapa‘eli Kekaha has a Moeahua wind He Moeahua ko Kekaha Pu‘upu‘upa‘akai has a Moehau wind He Moehau ko Pu‘upu‘upa‘akai Pāwehe has an Ulumano wind He Ulumano ko Pāwehe Pa‘ena‘ena has a Lapawai wind He Lapawai ko Pa‘ena‘ena Waimea has a Ho‘okomowaipao wind He Ho‘okomowaipao ko Waimea Kīkīlaola has a Kiuwai‘ula wind He Kiuwai‘ula ko Kīkīlaola Koai‘e has a Wai‘alae wind He Wai‘alae ko Koai‘e Mokihana has a Kumulipoho‘ouluali‘i He Kumulipoho‘ouluali‘i ko Mokihana… wind Waiahulu has a Waikea wind He Waikea ko Waiahulu Makaweli has a Pūnohu‘ula wind… He Pūnohu‘ula ko Makaweli… Kahana has a Kapāhoa wind He Kapāhoa ko Kahana Pe‘ape‘a has a Pilialoha wind He Pilialoha ko Pe‘ape‘a Kekupua has a Punohu‘ula wind He Pūnohu‘ula ko Kekupua Mahinauli has a Mo‘oholoawāwa He Mo‘oholoawāwa ko Mahinauli wind Pu‘uopāpa‘i has a Kula‘imano wind He Kula‘imano ko Pu‘uopāpa‘i Ka‘awanui has an Uhao‘ōwili wind He Uhao‘ōwili ko Ka‘awanui [Ho‘oulumāhiehie 2008a:16–17; Ho‘oulumāhiehie 2008b:16–17] This chant also refers to Waimea and the land of “two beloved waters.” An ‘ōlelo no‘eau, a Hawaiian proverb, explains this reference. Ka wai‘ula‘ilahi of Waimea The red sandalwood water of Waimea. This expression is sometimes used in old chants of Waimea, Kaua‘i. After a storm Waimea Stream is said to run red. Where it meets Makaweli Stream to form Waimea River, the water is sometimes red on one side and clear on the other. The red side is called wai‘ula‘iliahi. [Pukui 1983:179, No. 1662] 2.2.1.3 The Menehune and Kīkīaola Ditch Hawaiian legends concerning Waimea focus on the engineering feats that made the agricultural abundance of the ahupua‘a possible. Especially noteworthy are the legends narrating the origins of the cut stone-lined ‘auwai (irrigation ditch) called Kīkīaola, popularly known as the “Menehune Ditch.” As seen in Figure 8, the ‘auwai located just outside the proposed project area is also labeled Pe‘ekaua‘i, meaning “hidden Kauai.” Wichman (1998:9) says the original settlers named the farmland in this area Pe‘e Kaua‘i after the name of their ancient homeland. In the Māhele land records, Pe‘ekaua‘i is listed as the name of an ‘ili near the Waimea coast and along the west bank of the Waimea River. The Pe‘ekaua‘i ‘auwai watered the plain west of the Waimea River, and its most notable section (several hundred feet [ft] north of the proposed project) transported the water along the face of a cliff, some 20 ft above the river, by means of an aqueduct constructed of intricately fitted, cut, and dressed stones (Bennett 1931:23, 105–107). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 16 Figure 8. A portion of the 1918 Thrum and Evans map of Waimea Valley lots, showing the relationship of the Pe‘ekaua‘i (Menehune) Ditch to the APE Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 17 Martha Beckwith (1970:329–330) associates the name Kīkīaola (meaning, “container acquired by ‘Ola”; Pukui et al. 1974:110) with three versions of the legend of Ola, an ali‘i (chief) of Waimea. In one version (Rice 1923:45), Ola, “desiring to bring water to the taro patches of the Waimea flats […] summon[s] the Menehune people [who] each bring a stone and the watercourse (Kiki-a-Ola) is laid in a single night.” In another version (Thrum 1908:110–111), Kīkīaola is not the name of the watercourse itself: “Pi is the chief of Waimea who gets the Menehune to construct for him a dam across the Waimea river and a watercourse leading from it to a place above Kiki-a- ola.” Thrum says of the menehune, Their dwelling place was in the mountains, above Waimea, near, perhaps, to a place known as Waineki. […] The watercourse of Kikiaola, above the Waimea river, was built by this race of Menehunes […] The chief that encouraged this race of Menehunes to the task rejoiced greatly at hearing of and seeing the completion of the watercourse of Kikiaola, to benefit the laboring people residing at Paliuli, and the water flowing down its course to enable the taro to grow thriftily for their sustenance. [Thrum 1923:214, 216] Thus, Thrum identifies the land east and adjacent to the Kīkīaola Ditch as the land (‘ili) of Pali‘uli, a Hawaiian word for “green cliff.” In the third version (Luomala 1951:23), “Kiki-a-ola is the chief of Waimea” who “seems to be the sacrifice to be offered” at the completion of the dam and watercourse of Waimea by the menehune. Menehune, a Tahitian term meaning “commoner,” came to refer to a mythical race of small industrious people who were alleged to have built many of the fishponds, irrigation systems, and heiau on Kaua‘i (Mills 1996:63). The menehune overseer of the Pe‘ekaua‘i ‘auwai project was named Papa‘ena‘ena, which is the place name of the Waimea shore near the old wharf. Papa‘ena‘ena means “red, hot, lowland,” according to information on place names collected by Francis Gay in 1873 (Gay 1873:33). In Rice’s version, Papa‘ena‘ena is the name of a stone on the Waimea shore. “At one time the Menehune hollowed out a huge stone, and carried it to Waimea, where the head Menehune fisherman used it as a house. It was called Papa‘ena‘ena, from his name. He sat in this house, and watched his men fish” (Rice 1923:36). Wichman (1998:8) also states this is the stone Papa‘ena‘ena sat on to direct his menehune workers when they built the irrigation ditch, Kīkīaola, which means “container acquired by Ola.” The chief Ola is also associated with several other sites in Waimea Ahupua‘a, including Hau‘ola Heiau (built by his father near Kekaha), Ahululu Heiau at the foot of Pu‘ukapele Crater, and Kīpapa-a-Ola, a trail paved with sticks that crossed the Alaka‘i Swamp and connected Kōke‘e with Wainiha Valley on the island’s north shore (Beckwith 1970:328–229). Any attempt to even roughly date these sites or the Menehune Ditch through genealogical means would probably be fruitless. Although Ola is a very popular ali‘i in legends, his name cannot be found in any surviving Kaua‘i genealogy (Luomala 1955:132). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 18 2.2.2 Makaweli Ahupua‘a An ‘ōlelo no‘eau (proverb or wise saying) which sheds possible light on the meaning of Makaweli and which has been passed down over time is “Ho‘olele ka uila o Makaweli.” Mary Kawena Pukui translates this as, “sending the lightning of Makaweli flying.” She explains that this is a play on the word “maka-weli” or terrifying eyes and says this refers to sending a god on an errand of destruction (Pukui 1983:117). At one time, Makaweli must have been known for this particular kind of sorcery or perhaps akua lele (flying gods) were commonly seen in this region. Specific information regarding this seems to have been lost over time. Early Historic Period By the time the British vessels Discovery and Resolution, under the command of Captain James Cook, anchored at Waimea Bay on 20 January 1778, the ahupua‘a of Waimea had long been a focus of settlement, agriculture, and ali‘i residence on Kaua‘i. The well-watered valley and delta of the Waimea River were ingeniously developed and engineered for wetland agriculture, and represent the epitome of the typical Hawaiian and Kaua‘i-type valley settlement (Handy and Handy 1972:393–397). Cook’s observations during an excursion on shore in 1778 reveal the profusion of population, agriculture, and cultural/religious expression that had evolved at Waimea by the latter eighteenth century: Our road […] lay through the plantations. The greatest part of the ground was quite flat, with ditches full of water intersecting different parts, and roads that seemed artificially raised to some height. The interspaces were, in general, planted with taro, which grows here with great strength, as the fields are sunk below the common level, so as to contain the water necessary to nourish the roots. This water probably comes from the same source, which supplies the large pool from which we filled our casks. On the drier spaces were several spots where the cloth-mulberry was planted in regular rows; also growing vigorously, and kept very clean. The cocoa- trees were not in so thriving a state, and were all low; but the plantain-trees made a better appearance, though they were not large. In general the trees round this village, and which were seen at many of those which we passed before we anchored are the cordia sebestina [kou; Cordia subcordata]; but of a more diminutive size than the product of the southern isles. The greatest part of the village stands near the beach, and consists of above sixty houses there; but, perhaps, about forty more stand scattered about, farther up the country, toward the burying-place [heiau]. […] I found a great crowd assembled at the beach, and a brisk trade for pigs, fowls, and roots going on there, with the greatest good order, though I did not observe any particular person who took the lead amongst the rest of his countrymen. [Cook 1821:189] While provisioning on this particular excursion, Cook’s party acquired nine tons of water, 60 to 80 pigs, some fowl, potatoes, a small quantity of plantains and taro—all this in exchange for nails and iron pieces. Captain Cook’s first visit to Waimea was brief, but it left a major impact on the small village. Cook’s own lieutenants (Portlock, Dixon, Vancouver) returned to Waimea repeatedly and established it as a major port and entry point. While Waimea may have always been Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 19 a royal center for the ali‘i of Kaua‘i, this position was greatly reinforced after Western Contact (Zulick et al. 2000:14). The Russians recognized the importance of Hawai‘i for provisioning their ships along the fur trade route between the Northwest and China. In 1815, a Russian-owned ship full of furs hit a reef and sank off Waimea Bay, Kaua‘i. The crew abandoned ship and was left stranded on Kaua‘i for 2½ months. Meanwhile, Kaumuali‘i, paramount chief of Kaua‘i, retrieved the ship’s goods (furs included) and kept them, in spite of the Russians’ objections. Georg Schäffer was sent to Hawai‘i under Russian orders to retrieve the goods as diplomatically as possible. It has been debated whether Schäffer was following orders or whether he acted on his own behalf when he raised the Russian flag on Kaua‘i. An agreement was reached when Kaumuali‘i asked for protection in exchange for a Russian monopoly of the sandalwood trade. Kaumuali‘i agreed to provide 500 men as an army to conquer the other islands and Schäffer was to provide the ships, ammunition, and weapons. An important part of the agreement was that Schäffer would oversee all construction of future forts and trading posts. The Russian fort at Waimea was built by the Russian-American Company in 1816 under the direction of Schäffer. Kamehameha I, hearing of Schäffer’s plans and feeling intimidated by the threat of Russian invasion, sent a message to Kaumuali‘i asking that Schäffer be deported. By June 1817, Schäffer and his men were forced to leave Kaua‘i (Mills 1996:30–37). 2.3.1 Land Ownership of Waimea and Makaweli: 1778–1848 When Captain Cook first landed at Waimea in 1778, Ka‘eokūlani was the ruling chief of Kaua‘i (Kamakau 1992:92). Upon his death in 1794, he was succeeded by his son Kaumuali‘i. Because Kaumuali‘i was too young to rule at the time, the kingdom was administered by his kahu (guardian), Nākaikua‘ana (Kamakau 1992:162, 169). In 1810, rather than go to war, Kaumuali‘i offered to cede his government to Kamehameha I. Kaumuali‘i and Kamehameha must have reached a mutual understanding because Kaumuali‘i was allowed to rule independently over his kingdom of Kaua‘i until his death in 1824 on O‘ahu, where he had resided following his marriage to Ka‘ahumanu two years earlier (Kamakau 1992:253). Following Kaumuali‘i’s death, there was a great rebellion and a battle for political power between the Hawai‘i and Maui island chiefs and the Kaua‘i chiefs. It was at this time that the Kamehameha family won control of Kaua‘i. The Kaua‘i chiefs were punished for their rebellion and were excluded from the kālai‘āina (distribution of lands) when the lands were redistributed. At the end of the 1824 rebellion, as Hawaiian historian, Samuel Kamakau, notes, “The lands held by chiefs of Hawai‘i were tabu; Waimea and Makaweli were held by Ka-‘ilinaoa and Ka‘u‘uku-ali‘i” (Kamakau 1992:268). Soon afterward, Kaikio‘ewa was appointed governor of Kaua‘i (Kamakau 1992:269). He held this position until his death in 1839. Following the death of Kamehameha I, Ka‘ahumanu, his favorite wife, inherited his lands. When Ka‘ahumanu died in 1832, her heir was Elizabeth Kaho‘anokū Kīna‘u, daughter of Kamehameha I and Kaheiheimālie (Ka‘ahumanu’s sister). Kīna‘u inherited Ka‘ahumanu’s ‘āina (lands) as well as the position of Kuhina Nui (Premier). In 1827, Kīna‘u married Mataio Kekūanaō‘a and bore five children. The first two sons died young. But the other three children would continue the Kamehameha legacy. Alexander Liholiho would reign as Kamehameha IV and Lota Kapuāiwa would reign as Kamehameha V. Kīna‘u died in 1839 only four months after her daughter, Victoria Kamāmalu Ka‘ahumanu, was born. Since Kīna‘u’s death was sudden and she Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 20 did not leave a kauoha (command), it was decided by the Ali‘i Nui (high chief) that Victoria Kamāmalu would inherit her lands and her position of Kuhina Nui. Kamāmalu’s guardians were John ‘Ī‘ī and her father, Mataio Kekūanaō‘a (Kame‘eleihiwa 1992:120–24). At the time of the Māhele in 1848, Kamamalu held seven ‘āina on the island of Kaua‘i. Five of these ‘āina were relinquished to the Mo‘i (King) and she retained two ‘āina for herself. The ahupua‘a of Makaweli was kept for Kamamalu (Land Commission Award [LCA] 7713). 2.3.2 The Māhele and the Kuleana Act In 1845, the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles, also called the Land Commission, was established “for the investigation and final ascertainment or rejection of all claims of private individuals, whether natives or foreigners, to any landed property” (Chinen 1958:8). This led to the Māhele, the division of lands among the king of Hawai‘i, the ali‘i, and the common people, which introduced the concept of private property into Hawaiian society. In 1848, Kamehameha III divided the land into four divisions: Crown Lands to be reserved for himself and the royal house; Government Lands set aside to generate revenue for the government; Konohiki Lands claimed by ali‘i and their konohiki (supervisors); and kuleana, habitation and agricultural plots claimed by the common people (Chinen 1958:8–15). Upon the confirmation of a land claim, the ali‘i were required to pay a commutation to the government. This commutation (substitution of one form of payment or charge for another) could be satisfied with a cash payment or the return of land of equal value. This payment was usually one-third of the value of the unimproved land at the date of the award (Chinen 1958:9–12). The pattern of settlement for Makaweli Ahupua‘a is far from clear. Māhele land claims of the mid-1800s often offer a good approximation of traditional patterns of land use but this is not the case at Makaweli owing to the nature of Māhele records for this area and changes in land tenure patterns which occurred in the early 1800s. The enumeration of Māhele land claims for Makaweli is unusually complicated. In this portion of Kaua‘i, many people claimed lands in more than one ahupua‘a. There are 117 claims made by 85 claimants which either describe or award claims in Makaweli Ahupua‘a. Of these 117 claims, 83 are awarded but some of the awarded parts are in Waimea or even Hanapēpē. It should also be noted that there is more than one Kapalawai on the island of Kaua‘i. There is a Kapalawai in Waimea and one in Hanapēpē, which are clearly different lands than the Kapalawai of Makaweli. Of the 117 claims made for Makaweli, nine claims were for Kapalawai in Waimea (southwest of the proposed project area) and four claims were for Kapalawai in Hanapēpē. The Māhele land documents suggest a pattern of the extensive exploitation of the Waimea Makaweli-Mokuone river basin. The ahupua‘a of Makaweli is bounded by the Waimea River on the western side at the shore. The Waimea River is fed by the Makaweli River tributary a short distance up the river, and the Makaweli River, in turn, is fed by other streams such as the Mokuone Stream. These are the stream valleys where, at the time of the Māhele, people were settled. Waimea, at this same time, had the greatest population on the island of Kaua‘i and Makweli’s land use is closely linked to Waimea, with some claimants living in one place and farming in the other or vice versa, which leads to the idea that traversing through the Waimea River was an everyday occurrence as presented in the various river crossings in Figure 9. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 21 Figure 9. A portion of the 1918 Thrum and Evans map of Waimea Valley lots, showing the various river crossings in relation to the APE River Crossing Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 22 The fort, at the mouth of the Waimea River on the Makaweli side, had seen action in the rebellion of 1824 when O‘ahu forces put down the uprising against the Kamehameha dynasty. Nā koa or soldiers at the fort were given lo‘i lands nearby the fort so they could help raise their own food. Twenty-two of the Makaweli claims are for fort soldiers, who generally claim a single lo‘i or mo‘o (LCAs 6587, 6578, and 6588). Most fort soldiers were given land in the ‘ili of Kaho‘omano, with some others in Hakioa, both located quite close to the fort. There are 119 (‘āpana or pieces) in Makaweli awarded claims. The awarded ‘āpana are located in the ‘ili of Hakioa, Kaho‘omano, Kakalae, Kaloulu, Kapalawai, Koleakalo Manawai, Pu‘ulima, Wai‘awa‘awa, and Waikaia all located along the Waimea River, the Makaweli River or a major western tributary of the Makaweli River. A major problem in reconstructing Māhele-era settlement patterns within the Makaweli Ahupua‘a is that tax maps and other readily available historic maps do not show ‘ili areas for claims or awards in Huakaule, Kahalai, Kahana, Kahola, Kaikolu, Kalā‘au‘ōkala, Kamaka‘eli‘eli, Kamo‘ouli (Kamo‘oali‘i), Kaneli, Kaohuilihau, Kapuemanu, Kaunuloa, Kiele, Kohiana, Kukuihoehoe, Kula‘amokualuli, Kumuiki, Mahaihai (Mahaemae), Manini, Mokuone, Nonopahu, Ololokalau, Olokele, Palaloa, Piliamo‘o, Poleiwale, Uhilau, Waikui or Wailele. It is difficult to understand the entire ahupua‘a settlement pattern when so many of the geographic areas of settlement are unknown. Perhaps these ‘ili were all along the westernmost margin of Makaweli as is the case with the geographically identifiable ‘ili, but for all we know they may have been widely spread over Makaweli Ahupua‘a. Waimea is the largest ahupua‘a on Kaua‘i, containing many ‘ili (land divisions) that may once have been separate ahupua‘a, such as Kīkīaola, Mānā, Miloli‘i, Mokihana, Pōki‘i, Pu‘ukapele, and Wai‘awa‘awa. Each of these ‘ili were awarded to an ali‘i as a Konohiki Award, although in each case the ali‘i returned them as part of their commutation fee and they became either Crown Lands or Government Lands. All land within Waimea not covered by these aforementioned ‘ili were awarded to Victoria Kamāmalu who also returned this award, which then became Crown Lands. It is through records for these Land Commission Awards that the first direct documentation of life in Waimea Ahupua‘a, and thus the Makaweli Ahupua‘a—specifically those along the Waimea River—as it had evolved up to the mid-nineteenth century comes to light. The kuleana awardees in the ahupua‘a do not reflect the total population of Waimea and Makaweli. As Russell Apple notes with the following: They probably represent the local elite, those who could afford the survey and commutation [that were part of the award procedure], had proper authority for permanent occupancy, had reputable witnesses to sustain both the authority [to occupy] and continuous use [of the parcel], and who chose to apply. [Apple 1978:62] However, the records associated with these awards illuminate the character of the Hawaiian settlement and livelihood within Waimea by 1850. The upper and lower valleys were extensively cultivated. The Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch, along with a system of lateral ‘auwai, watered lo‘i kalo (taro terraces) on the western flats of the river all the way to the shore. Interspersed among the lo‘i were house sites, small plots of kula on which were cultivated traditional native dryland crops as well as introduced ones, and also pasture land. The farthest mauka (inland) extent of settlement was Kalakahi’s LCA 11286 which was approximately 2,000 ft into Koai‘e Valley. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 23 Over 150 kuleana awards were granted in Waimea. Fifteen claims were awarded in Kīkīaola ‘Ili, on the west side of Kana‘ana Ridge. Over 50 claims were awarded in the ‘ili of Pe‘ekaua‘i, on the east and west sides of Kana‘ana and Poki‘i Ridge. The land east and west of the Kana‘ana Ridge was mainly Crown and Government Land, some of which had already been given or sold to individuals and associations. Table 1 lists the LCAs within an approximate 200-m radius of the proposed project area in Waimea and Makaweli Ahupua‘a in numerical order. The LCA locations are illustrated in Figure 10. One of the potential staging areas within the proposed project area lies within the eastern edge of LCA 6308 B (Figure 11). Table 1. Land Commission Awards near the vicinity of the proposed project area LCA # Awardee ‘Ili/Ahupua‘a Land Use Description 5479 Ulu Kīkīaola/Waimea Kula (pasture), two lo‘i One ‘āpana; 3 roods 17 rods 5612 Kaha Halepua/Waimea Two lo‘i, kula One ‘āpana; 2 roods 2 rods 6273; RP 8498 Kala Kīkīaola/Waimea Three lo‘i, kula, house lot One ‘āpana; 1 rood 20 rods 6307; RP: 6861 Kahalehookahi Halepua Two lo‘i One ‘āpana; 1 acre 6308 B Kukanaloa (wahine) and Kamoku Kīkīaola, Waimea Kīkīaola: one lo‘i, kula, and house lot LCA 6308, Kukanaloa only LCA 6308B, Kumoku and Kukanaloa Confusion with numbers 6308, 6308B and 6681— all for Waimea, but 6308B awarded in Makaweli with no supporting documents 6327 Keawe, Lota Kaho‘omano/Makaweli Two lo‘i, house lot, kula Three ‘āpana; 1 rood 31 rods 6330 Kaniaupio Kaho‘omano/Makaweli One lo‘i, house lot, pakanu (garden) One ‘āpana; 1 rood 12 rods 6338 Kiipono Kaho‘omano, Huahaule, both in Makaweli Kaho‘omano: one lo‘i Huahaule: house lot Kaho‘omano: one ‘āpana; 21 rods Huahaule: one ‘āpana; 31 rods Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 24 LCA # Awardee ‘Ili/Ahupua‘a Land Use Description 6339; RP: 7901 Kawelo Kaho‘omano/Makaweli One lo‘i One ‘āpana; 1 rood 9 rods 6340 Kuala Kaho‘omano/Makaweli One lo‘i One ‘āpana; 31 rods 6342 Kikoi Kaho‘omano/Makaweli One lo‘i, ‘auwai One ‘āpana; 38 rods 6514 W. B. Aka Pu‘ulima/Makaweli Three lo‘i, kula, house lot Two ‘āpana; 1 acre 14 rods 6518; RP: 7921 Wahaolelo Pu‘ulima, Mahaihai, both in Makaweli Pu‘ulima: two lo‘i, kula Mahaihai: house lot Awardee’s alternate manes: Nauahaolelo, Nawahaolelo Pu‘ulima: one ‘āpana; 2 roods 32 rods Mahaihai: one ‘āpana; 3 roods 8 rods 6566; RP 8321 Isiaka Pehu Pu‘ulima, Hakioa, Kaho‘omano, all in Makaweli Pu‘ulima: one lo‘i, kula Hakioa: house lot Kaho‘omano: five lo‘i, kula Pu‘ulima: one ‘āpana; 1 acre 14 rods Kaho‘omano: one ‘āpana; 1 acre 6578 Paele Kaho‘omano, Hakioa, both in Makaweli Kaho‘omano: one lo‘i Hakioa: two lo‘i Fort claim, Paele is the Commander of the Fort; Kaho‘omano: one ‘āpana; 1 acre 5 rods Hakioa: two ‘āpana; 1 rood 32 rods 6587 Pahia Kaho‘omano/Makaweli One lo‘i A fort claim; one ‘āpana; 38 rods 6588 Papapa Kaho‘omano/Makaweli One lo‘i Awardee’s alternate name: Pakula; secondary claimant: Pukala, Papapa’s wife; Fort claim; one ‘āpana; 33 rods Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 25 LCA # Awardee ‘Ili/Ahupua‘a Land Use Description 6589 Paele Nania/Waimea, Kaho‘omano/Makaweli Nania: one lo‘i Kaho‘omano: house lot, garden No. 6589 not awarded 10009 Tamara Lapuwale Pu‘ulima/Makaweli One lo‘i One ‘āpana; 1 rood 15 rods 11270; RP: 6684 Kuawiliwili Kīkīaola/Waimea Unknown land use One ‘āpana; 1 acre 2 roods 11271; RP: 8077 Kahuihui Kīkīaola/Waimea Unknown land use One ‘āpana; 1 acre 11301 Pahupu Kaho‘omano/Makaweli Two lo‘i Three ‘āpana; 2 roods 35 rods 2.3.1 Mid- to Late 1800s In 1850, Waimea was designated a government port, opening it to foreign commerce. At the time, Waimea was exporting a respectable variety of agricultural goods and livestock (Table 2). A report of the Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society noted the listed exports from the port of Waimea between 1 July 1850 and 30 June 1851 (Damon 1931:291). Most of these goods were brought to the port of Waimea for shipment off the island; they were not necessarily products of the ahupua‘a itself. Within a few years, the government port facility was moved to Kōloa, and Waimea declined in importance as a shipping destination. Table 2. Waimea Port exports between 1850 and 1851 Item Quantity Item Number Sweet potatoes 3,009 bbls. Oranges 4,000 Yams 9 bbls. Squashes 100 Onions 568½ bbls. Cattle 4 Sugar 5,000 lbs. Sheep 108 Salt 50 lbs. Swine 110 Pineapples 2,000 Turkeys 110 Cocoanuts 1,400 Fowls 1,202 Bananas 20 bunches Ducks 12 Dried pork 1,200 lbs. Total Value $9,030.62 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 26 Figure 10. Portion of the 1996 Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle showing the location of LCAs and the proposed project area Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 27 Figure 11. The proposed project area/APE overlaid on a 2013 aerial photo showing the location of LCAs in the immediate vicinity (Google Earth) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 28 Rice cultivation by Chinese farmers began in Waimea Valley in the 1860s. The Chinese had come to the Islands to work on the sugar plantations. As the commercial sugar industry expanded throughout the Hawaiian Kingdom, the need for increased numbers of field laborers prompted passage of contract labor laws. In 1852, the first Chinese contract laborers arrived in the Islands. Contracts were for five years, and pay was $3 a month plus room and board. Upon completion of their contracts, a number of the immigrants remained in the Hawaiian kingdom, many becoming merchants or rice farmers. The Hawaiian Islands were well positioned for rice cultivation. A market for rice in California had developed as increasing numbers of Chinese laborers immigrated there since the mid-nineteenth century. Similarly, as Chinese immigration to the Islands also accelerated, a domestic market opened. A 1906 map of Waimea shows a large rice field inland of Waimea Town (Figure 12). Figure 13 shows a river crossing where individuals were able to cross from Waimea into Makaweli or vice versa. At Waimea, as in other locales, groups of Chinese began leasing former taro lands for conversion to rice farming. Overall, by 1892, 2,055 acres of Kaua‘i lands were planted in rice (Coulter and Chun 1937:20). Sadly, the taro lands’ availability throughout the Islands in the later 1800s reflected the declining demand for taro, as the Native Hawaiian population diminished. Censuses taken during the second half of the nineteenth century record the dwindling population of the Waimea District. In 1838 there were 3,272 persons living in the district, by 1853 a total of 2,872 persons were recorded in Waimea. Twenty-five years later, in 1878, the total population had diminished further to 1,374 (Schmitt 1977:12–13). Rice farming declined sharply throughout the Hawaiian Islands after the first decade of the twentieth century. Total acreage dropped from a high of 9,425 acres in 1909 to 1,130 acres in 1935. By the 1930s the rice industry had ceased entirely on the islands of Hawai‘i, Maui, and Moloka‘i (Coulter and Chun 1937:62). Though rice continued to be grown at Waimea and Makaweli into the 1930s, many of the rice fields were being reclaimed for sugar planting. During the last decade of the nineteenth century, the population of Waimea rebounded, growing from a total of 2,739 in 1890 to 4,595 in 1896, and 5,886 in 1900 (Schmitt 1977:13). That growth was spurred by the establishment of commercial sugarcane planting at Waimea. Population figures up to World War II reflect the continued growth of the Waimea District as the sugar industry prospered; in 1910 the population total was 8,195 and by 1940 it had grown to 10,852 (Schmitt 1977:13–14). In the 1880s, two planters named Conrad and Borchgrevink attempted to grow cane at Waimea. They had little success, but in 1884 H. Schmidt organized the mill enterprise and other entrepreneurs on O‘ahu were organizing the Waimea Sugar Mill Company to begin operations on land leased from the Rowell family. Soon, a ditch was constructed to bring Waimea River water to the fields, which covered about 200 acres. The extent of Waimea Plantation in 1906 is shown in Figure 12. This map of Kaua‘i also shows the location of the wetlands, at first used for rice and then taro, and the location of pasture land. 2.3.2 Sugar Industry 2.3.2.1 Waimea Plantation and its endeavors Hans Peter Fayé came to Kaua‘i from Norway in 1880 at the age of 21. Four years later, with a loan from Isenberg and a lease from his uncle, sugar pioneer Valdemar Knudsen, Fayé founded Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 29 Figure 12. A portion of a 1906 Donn map of Kaua‘i, showing the boundaries of land use for taro/rice cultivation, sugarcane cultivation, and pasture in relation to the proposed project area Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 30 Figure 13. Photo (n.d.) showing a Waimea river crossing (Hawai‘i State Archives) H.P. Fayé & Company, a sugar plantation in Mānā, the westernmost town in Kaua‘i. In 1906 Fayé acquired the Waimea Sugar Mill, which had been founded in 1884. At the time of statehood in 1959, H.P. Fayé & Company was incorporated as Kikiaola Land Company, and it is still owned by about 100 of the founder’s descendants. Linda Collins, a granddaughter of H.P. Fayé is now the president of Kikiaola Land Company. The Waimea Sugar Mill Company may have been the smallest (in land) of the sugar companies in the Hawaiian Islands. A 1910 newspaper article in the San Francisco Chronicle describes the sugar lands and the railroad line (probably owned by the Kekaha Sugar Company) built to haul the cane to the mill: Waimea has a bit of flat land hemmed in by two neighbors, Kekaha and Hawaiian Sugar Company, just over a half mile long and a little wider. It lies only a few feet above sea level. Cane is transported from the fields over a railway system which consists of two miles of permanent track and one mile of portable track, thirty-eight cars and a locomotive. [Condé and Best 1973:203] The railroad line mentioned was actually built by the Kekaha Sugar Company about 1884, which used it to transport sugar from its own mill to the pier at Waimea Landing. Initially it stopped at the Waimea Sugar Mill to also transport their sugar to the landing. Part of this railroad line runs Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 31 through the center of the project area (parallel to the shore). It was probably dismantled around 1947, when transportation switched to truck hauling (Condé and Best 1973:141, 146). By the early 1930s, about 670 acres of land was cultivated by the Waimea Sugar Mill Company. Most of Waimea Town’s commercial buildings were constructed during this period of the sugar industry’s growth. During World War II the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers used the plantation shop yard as their headquarters; the sugarcane from the fields was taken to Kekaha to be milled. Following World War II, the fortunes of the Waimea Company changed. The Waimea mill stopped operating in 1945, though the Waimea Sugar Company continued to cultivate cane on its lands until 1969. The milling equipment was sold, and the mill building was used for grain storage (Fayé 1997:26). After the company closed, its fields were leased to the Kekaha Sugar Company. In 1950, the sugar company was reorganized into the Waimea Sugar Mill, Inc., which continued to process cane, and the Kikiaola Land Company, which was created to manage the property. In 1982, one of the former plantation cottages opened as a vacation rental and was so successful that the Fayés decided to construct a plantation-type resort. The renovated plantation houses, built between 1900 and 1920, became part of the Waimea Plantation Cottages (Chang 1988:49–52), with 48 rental units and a conference center. 2.3.2.2 Gay and Robinson (G&R) In 1865, Eliza Sinclair purchased the ahupua‘a of Makaweli (21,844 acres) from Victoria Kamamalu Ka‘ahumanu for $15,000. A new home was built in the cool uplands of Makaweli and sometime in the early 1870s the Sinclair family moved from Ni‘ihau to settle in Makaweli. This home, situated at about 1,800 ft elevation became known as the “Makaweli house.” The Sinclairs began ranching in Hawai‘i when they bought the island of Ni‘ihau in 1865. There they raised Merino sheep and Shorthorn cattle from the continental United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Aubrey Robinson was the first to bring purebred Arabian horses to Hawai‘i in 1884. He imported game birds (pheasant and quail) as well as trout and bass which were placed in Waimea and Makaweli streams. In 1889, Francis Gay and Aubrey Robinson formed the family partnership known today as Gay and Robinson (G&R). Through this partnership, the various family businesses (i.e., Makaweli Ranch and Makaweli Plantation) were managed. By the early 1880s the Robinsons got involved in the sugar business not only by planting their own crops, but also by leasing large tracts of land to Hawaiian Sugar Company. The Robinsons were always looking for new and creative ways to utilize their land. For many years, they raised bees for honey and experimented with other agricultural crops. The Robinson Family Partners is a separate business entity that represents the land owners of the family lands. This partnership was set up to protect the lands and ensure that all lands stay within the family, as well as to preserve these lands for future generations of Robinsons. 2.3.3 1900s to the Present Sugarcane cultivation continued to dominate land use in Waimea and Makaweli through the mid-1900s. At the end of the twentieth century, two of the remaining three sugar plantations on Kaua‘i shut down, Kekaha and Lihue Plantation, ending the sugar plantation era on the southeast Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 32 and east side of Kaua‘i. Less than ten years later, 2009 brought the last of Kaua‘i’s sugar plantation-era to an end with the closing of Gay & Robinson. A 1910 USGS map (Figure 14) of Kaua‘i shows no development in the immediate vicinity of the proposed project area and its surroundings in the early twentieth century. In 1963 (Figure 15), the Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch is present but also a network of ditches and a couple of tunnels in the ridge are shown just west of the proposed project. A 1966 aerial photograph (Figure 16) shows residences aligned along Menehune Road, cane lands, and other agricultural fields. With the closing of sugar plantations and the opening of the cane lands, agribusiness companies (also known as seed companies) have migrated to the Hawaiian Islands to utilize the plantation fields and some of their infrastructure, especially on lands between Makaweli and Waimea Ahupua‘a. By 2015, four major agribusiness companies were on Kaua‘i: BASF Plant Science (in Kekaha, north of Kekaha Road and Elementary School), Dow AgroSciences (in Makaweli, northwest of Kaumakani, north of the Highway), DuPont Pioneer (in Makaweli, north of the highway and north of Russian Fort Elizabeth (Pā‘ula‘ula, State Inventory of Historic Places [SIHP] # 50-30-05-01000), and Syngenta (which was bought out in 2017 and was located in Kekaha, makai [seaward] of the highway and west of the Mana Plains area). With the controversies such as GMO products and health issues associated with pesticides, agribusinesses companies left the island or were bought out by other agribusinesses. During recent decades, growth in Waimea has focused on development of the former sugar plantation lands and structures into tourist-oriented facilities. Nearby in Makaweli land use has remained much the same since the turn of the century. Cattle ranching continues. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 33 Figure 14. A portion of a 1910 Mana and Hanapepe USGS topographic quadrangles, showing the proposed project area Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 34 Figure 15. A portion of a 1963 Kekaha and Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangles, showing proposed project area location just southeast to the 1963 river ford crossing Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 35 Figure 16. 1966 Waimea coast aerial photograph (UH SOEST), showing proposed project location just southeast to the 1966 river ford crossing Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 36 Previous Archaeological Research in and Around the Proposed Project Several archaeological projects have been conducted near the proposed project area on the Waimea side of the river. The location of these projects is illustrated in Figure 17. The previous archaeological studies are summarized in Table 3. The locations of historic properties identified during previous archaeological studies are seen in Figure 18 and listed in Table 4. 2.4.1 Heiau on Kaua‘i (Thrum 1906) Thomas Thrum, the publisher of the Hawaiian Almanac, gathered lists of heiau on all islands. Three heiau he listed are nearest to the proposed project area (see Figure 18): Keakuamele (as of 1906, “an unenclosed small pile of rocks”); Wailaau (as of 1906, “open platform […] in good preservation”); and Lewaula (as of 1906, “made into a cattle pen”) (Thrum 1906:38). 2.4.2 Archaeology on Kaua‘i (Bennett 1931) The first comprehensive archaeological survey on the island of Kaua‘i was undertaken by Wendell Bennett in 1929; his work was published in 1931. Bennett attempted to confirm sites (heiau) previously described by Thrum, as well as identify additional significant sites. It is important to understand that Bennett’s work was conducted after commercial sugarcane cultivation and other historic activities had destroyed or damaged many historic properties. It is also important to keep in mind that most of the historic properties documented by Bennett were relatively easy to access and relatively conspicuous (i.e., large and obvious). Bennett documented seven historic properties in the general area of the proposed project: Site 25 (Taro terraces); Site 26 (Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch, a.k.a. Menehune Ditch); Site 27 (House sites); Site 28 (Keakuamele Heiau); Site 29 (Makaakiaki Heiau); Site 30 (Wailaau Heiau); and Site 40 (Lewaula Heiau). Site 26, Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch is the nearest historic property, approximately 100 m west/northwest to the proposed project. 2.4.3 Archaeological Studies along Menehune Road (Kikuchi 1983; Kamai and Hammatt 2015; Tomonari-Tuggle and Duarte 2017) Kikuchi (1983) conducted an archaeological reconnaissance for the installation of the 12-inch water main along Menehune Road in Waimea Valley from the existing Waimea intake toward Waimea Town. One historic property, SIHP # 50-30-09-00187, burial was identified adjacent to a cliff. Kikuchi noted two concrete pads on the dirt road, the remnants of a hospital according to a long-time resident (Kikuchi 1983:3). Kamai and Hammatt (2015) conducted an archaeological inventory survey (AIS) for the rockfall mitigation north of the Waimea Swinging Bridge, the bridge which is approximately 200 m north of the proposed project area. Two historic properties were identified, SIHP #s 50-30- 09-02271, ditch and tunnel segments, and -00026, Kikia‘ola Ditch (also known as Menehune Ditch or Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch) (Kamai and Hammatt 2015:62–63). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 37 Figure 17. Portion of 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe USGS topographic quadrangles, showing locations of previous archaeological projects in and around the vicinity of the proposed project area/APE Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 38 Table 3. Previous archaeological studies in the vicinity of the project area Reference Type of Study Location Results Joerger and Streck 1979 Cultural resource reconnaissance Waimea River flood control study Exposed soil stratigraphy on west bank of Waimea River near mouth, showed recent fill Kikuchi 1983 Archaeological reconnaissance Menehune Rd, Waimea One historic property, SIHP # 50- 30-09-01870, burial, identified Hammatt and Ida 1993 Archaeological inventory survey 1-acre Waimea Town lot Recorded cultural layer, dated to AD 1000-1275, and a burial designated SIHP # 50-30-05-04012 Ida and Hammatt 1993 Archaeological subsurface survey Waimea, Kaua‘i, TMK: [4] 1-6- 001:004 One historic property identified, SIHP # 50-30-09-00559, a trash deposit Chiogioji et al. 2004 Archaeological field inspection Ten localities within Kōke‘e and Waimea Canyon State Parks, TMK: [4] 4-8-001 No significant findings Kamai and Hammatt 2015 Archaeological inventory survey Menehune Rd, TMK: [4] 1-5- 001:002 Two historic properties identified: SIHP #s 50-30-09-02271, ditch and tunnel segments and -00026, Kikia‘ola Ditch Tomonari- Tuggle and Duarte 2017 Archaeological inventory survey Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch in Waimea Valley Extensive discussion and documentation for a portion of SIHP # 50-30-09-00026, Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 39 Figure 18. Portions of 1991 Kekaha and 1996 Hanapepe USGS topographic quadrangles, showing locations of previously identified historic properties nearest to the proposed project area/APE Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 40 Table 4. Previously identified archaeological sites from Figure 18 SIHP # Site Type Reference Site 25 Taro terraces Bennett 1931 Site 26 (50-30-09-00026) Pe‘ekaua‘i (Menehune) Ditch Bennett 1931; Joerger and Streck 1979; Ida and Hammatt 1993; O’Hare et al. 2015; Kamai and Hammatt 2015; Tomonari-Tuggle and Duarte 2017 Site 27 House sites Bennett 1931 Site 28 Keakuamele Heiau Thrum 1907; Bennett 1931 Site 29 Makaakiaki Heiau Bennett 1931 Site 30 Wailaau Heiau Thrum 1907; Bennett 1931 Site 40 Lewaula Heiau Thrum 1907; Bennett 1931 50-30-05-09313 Charles Gay House Hawai‘i Register 1984; National Register 1984; Kamai and Hammatt 2015 50-30-09-00559 Trash deposit Ida and Hammatt 1993 50-30-09-01870 Burial Kikuchi 1983 50-30-09-02271 Ditch and tunnel segments Kamai and Hammatt 2015 Kekaha Ditch (No SHIP #) Plantation-era ditch 1963 USGS topo map; Kamai and Hammatt 2015 Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 41 2.4.4 Proposed State Agricultural Park (Hammatt and Ida 1993) CSH conducted an AIS (lack of finds recorded as an archaeological assessment) of two locations for a proposed state agricultural park in Kekaha (Hammatt and Ida 1993). The parcel makai of Kaumuali‘i Highway showed evidence of extensive grading and sand removal. The mauka parcel was located on Kaleinamanu Ridge. With the exception of the southeastern portion of the mauka parcel, the rest of the parcel was active in cane cultivation during the time of the survey. No significant findings were identified during the survey. 2.4.5 West Bank of Waimea River (Joerger and Streck 1979) In 1979, Hawaii Marine Research, Inc. (Joerger and Streck 1979) conducted a cultural resource reconnaissance of two areas adjacent to the west bank of the Waimea River. The study assessed the potential adverse effects of the flood control project on Cook’s Landing Monument (SIHP # 50-30-05-09303) and the Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch (SIHP # 50-30-09-00026). Area 1 was adjacent to the mouth of the stream (partly within Lucy Wright Park), and Area 2, at the junction of the Waimea River and the Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch. The proposed project is partially in the Joerger and Streck 1979 study area (see Figure 17). No subsurface testing was conducted but exposed soil stratigraphic sections were observed. Joerger and Streck note of Area 2: The portion of the Peekauai Ditch included within the survey area however has been extensively modified through realignment of the watercourse and destruction of the original construction […] The ditch was apparently realigned during the 1920s […] [and] portions of the Menehune Ditch were exposed by the building of the ‘new’ ditch and road. [Joerger and Streck 1979:27] 2.4.6 A Parcel along Gay Road (Ida and Hammatt 1993) Ida and Hammatt (1993) conducted an AIS with subsurface testing for a residential lot southwest of Gay Road in Waimea Valley. One historic property was identified, SIHP # 50-30- 09-00559, a trash deposit. Based on the analysis of domestic refuse collected during subsurface testing, the trash deposit may have started as early as 1907 and “could have continued until well after World War II” (Ida and Hammatt 1993:38). 2.4.7 Kōke‘e and Waimea Canyon State Parks (Chiogioji et al. 2004) In 2004, CSH (Chiogioji et al. 2004) conducted a field inspection in ten discrete localities within Kōke‘e and Waimea Canyon State Parks proposed for a future improvement project. The ten localities were potential lookouts at mile markers 2.0 and 2.3 on Route 550, a potential lookout at mile marker 3.3 on Route 550, potential lookouts at mile markers 3.5 and 3.6 on Route 550, a potential future entry gate location on Route 550, Kukui Trail Head and adjacent potential parking areas on Route 550, Waimea Canyon Lookout, Pu‘u Hinahina Lookout, Halemanu Intersection on Route 550, Kalalau Lookout, and Pu‘u O Kila Lookout (Chiogioji et al. 2004:1). No historic properties were identified in the ten localities; these areas had already been extensively developed for park infrastructure including roads, paved parking areas, lookout structures, landscaped lawns, bathhouse facilities, and cleared bulldozed areas (Chiogioji et al. 2004:27). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Background Research LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 42 Background Summary By the time Captain James Cook stepped ashore at Waimea in 1778, Hawaiians had already developed an extensive agricultural system which covered the entire floor of the lower valley and displayed a high degree of ingenuity and engineering skill. The background research presented emphasizes the traditional importance of the coast along Waimea Bay in pre-Contact times. Traditional legends claim Waimea Bay as the landing site for the first settlers of Kaua‘i, a home for the mythical little people, the menehune, and a land associated with the high chief Ola, who built a large-scale water project, the Pe‘ekaua‘i ‘Auwai, or Menehune Ditch. Along with Wailua, Waimea was one of the two capitols of the islands for Hawaiian royalty and ali‘i into the early post-Contact period. There were possibly as many as four heiau located adjacent to the Waimea River mouth on the east and west banks, which emphasizes the importance of this area to the Hawaiian kama‘āina (commoners) and ali‘i. Although no early historical descriptions exist of the upper valley and canyon areas, evidence sourced in legendary material and surviving archaeological remains indicate these areas were also well settled in the pre-Contact period. Waimea Bay is also noted as the first landing spot for westerners, as Captain Cook anchored off the bay in 1778, instructed his men to load water casks from the Waimea River, and landed on the shore to tour a heiau, probably Kea‘ali‘i Heiau on the west side of the river. Captain Cook and later explorers also noted the intensive taro agriculture along the banks of the river and the ‘auwai. Māhele records indicate this intensive agriculture continued into the mid-nineteenth century, with awardees also claiming house lots along the shore, four of which are just mauka of the current project area. The taro fields gradually gave way to rice fields in the late nineteenth century and to sugar cultivation in the twentieth century. Based on LCAs documents, lots surrounding the Waimea River and Pe‘ekaua‘i were prime locations for agricultural cultivation. A few claimants noted house lots on one side of the river and their “ag lot” on the other side. A few historic maps as well as a historic photograph presented in this report suggest river crossings were an everyday occurrence. Like any waterway crossings, those shown on the maps would suggest there were multiple ways to get across the river but also some of these crossings could be seasonal. Previous archaeological projects have recorded subsurface deposits associated with taro cultivation near Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch, a cultural deposit dated to AD 1000-1275 in Waimea Town (Hammatt and Ida 1993) completely outside the proposed project, near to Kaumuali‘i Highway, and other historic features of importance not present in this report (i.e., First Bishop National Bank, Captain Cook’s Landing Monument; Russian Fort Elizabeth [(Pā‘ula‘ula]). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 43 Section 3 Results of Fieldwork The fieldwork component of this study was accomplished under archaeological fieldwork permit number 19-07, issued by the SHPD per HAR §13-282. CSH archaeologist Missy Kamai, B.A., completed the field inspection on 12 September 2019 under the general supervision of Principal Investigator Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D. This work required approximately 1 person-day to complete. Pedestrian Inspection Results No historic properties were identified within the proposed project area which consists of Waimea River and the bank on the Waimea and Makaweli sides of the river (Figure 19 through Figure 26). Figure 19 and Figure 20. Photos of Waimea side of the river, north view (left), south view (right) Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Results of Fieldwork LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 44 Figure 21. Photo of proposed project area from the Waimea side of the river, view to northeast Figure 22. Photo of proposed project area from the Makaweli side of the river, view to southwest Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Summary and Recommendations LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 45 Figure 23. Photo of Waimea side of the river, taken from the Makaweli side showing parking area for vehicles belonging to Makaweli residents, view to southwest Figure 24. Photo of Waimea side of the river, taken from the Makaweli side showing parking area for vehicles belonging to Makaweli residents who walk across the river via the Waimea Swinging Bridge, view to southwest Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Summary and Recommendations LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 46 Figure 25. Makaweli resident or lo‘i farmer driving through the Waimea River via the “ford crossing,” view to southeast Figure 26. Makaweli resident or lo‘i farmer driving through the Waimea River via the “ford crossing,” view to east Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 Summary and Recommendations LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 47 Section 4 Summary and Recommendations At the request of Mr. William F. Bow of Bow Engineering & Development, Inc., on behalf of CoK, CSH has prepared this archaeological LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing project, Waimea Ahupua‘a, Waimea District, Kaua‘i, TMKs: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888. The proposed project consists of replacing the existing earthen crossing with either a concrete or aggregate-based crossing within Waimea River to reduce the amount of maintenance required. The approaches to the ford crossing would be hardened to prevent erosion. The Waimea River ford crossing’s APE is the same as the project area. The field inspection included the entire 0.40- hectare (0.98-acre) APE/project area. Fieldwork was accomplished on 12 September 2019 by CSH archaeologist Missy Kamai, B.A., under the general supervision of Principal Investigator Hallett H. Hammatt, Ph.D. Fieldwork was conducted under archaeological fieldwork permit number 19-07, issued by the SHPD pursuant to HAR §13-282. This work required approximately 1 person-day to complete. The field inspection of the proposed project area identified no surface historic properties. Based on the current proposed project—construction of a concrete river ford crossing and hardening of the riverbanks—suggested recommendations include a letter of determination from agency to agency to facilitate the Section 106 process due to United States Army Corps of Engineers’ permitting as well as to facilitate consultation with SHPD. Based on lack of findings, no further archaeological working is proposed for the project. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 References Cited LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 48 Section 5 References Cited Apple, Russell A. 1978 Pahukanilua: Homestead of John Young, Kawaihae, Kohala, Island of Hawai‘i. National Park Service, Hawai‘i State Office, Honolulu. Beckwith, Martha 1970 Hawaiian Mythology. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Bennett, Wendell C. 1931 The Archaeology of Kaua‘i. Bishop Museum Bulletin 80. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Chang, Melissa 1988 Kikiaola: Waimea’s Sugar Shacks. Hawaii Business, July 1899:49–52. Chinen, Jon J. 1958 The Great Mahele. Hawaii’s Land Division of 1848. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Chiogioji, Rodney, David Shideler, Todd Tulchin, and Hallett H. Hammatt 2004 Archaeological Field Inspection of Ten Localities within Kōke‘e and Waimea Canyon State Parks, Waimea Ahupua‘a, Kona (Waimea) District, Island of Kaua‘i, TMK 4-8-01. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Cook, James P. 1821 The Three Voyages of Captain James Cook Round the World. Vol. VI. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London. Condé, Jesse C. and Gerald M. Best l973 Sugar Trains. Glenwood Publishers, Felton, California. Coulter, John Wesley and Chee Kwon Chun 1937 Chinese Rice Farmers in Hawaii. UH Research Publications Number 16. University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu. Damon, Ethel M. 1931 Koamalu. A Story of Pioneers on Kauai and of What They Built in That Island Garden. Two volumes. Privately printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin Press, Honolulu. Donn, John M. 1906 Hawaii Territory Survey map of Kauai. Registered Map 2375. Hawai‘i Land Survey Division, Department of Accounting and General Services, Honolulu. Fayé, Christine 1997 Touring Waimea. Kaua‘i Historical Society, Līhu‘e, Kaua‘i. Flores, E. Kalani, Aletha G. Kaohi, and Tirzo Gonzalez 1993 Hawaiian Cultural & Historic Survey of Nohili, Mana, Kona District, Island of Kauai, State of Hawaii. Advanced Sciences, Inc., ‘Ele‘ele, Hawai‘i and San Diego, California. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 References Cited LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 49 Foote, Donald E., Elmer L. Hill, Sakuichi Nakamura, and Floyd Stephens 1972 Soil Survey of the Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawaii. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with the University of Hawai‘i Agricultural Experiment Station. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Fornander, Abraham 1918 Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquites and Folk-lore. Volume V. Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Gay, Francis 1873 Kauai Place Names in Laauokala, Mahinauli, and Ukula. Hms. Misc. 4. Bishop Museum Library, Honolulu. Google Earth Imagery 2013 Aerial photographs of Hawai‘i. Google Inc., Mountain View, California. Available online at www.google.com/earth.html. Hammatt, Hallett H. and Gerald K. Ida 1993 Archaeological Assessment of Two Locations for a Proposed State Agricultural Park Waimea, Kaua‘i. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Kailua, Hawai‘i. Handy, E.S. Craighill and Elizabeth G. Handy 1972 Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Hawai‘i State Archives n.d. Photograph of Waimea River crossing. Digital Collection, Hawai‘i State Archives, Honolulu. Hawai‘i TMK Service 2013 Tax Map Key [4] 1-6-01. Hawai‘i TMK Service, Honolulu. Ho‘oulumāhiehie 2008a Ka Mo‘olelo o Hi‘iakaikapoliopele. Original Hawaiian text taken from series of articles in Ka Na‘i Aupuni 1905-1906. Awaiaulu Press, Honolulu. 2008b The Epic Tale of Hi‘iakaikapoliopele. As Told by Ho‘oulumāhiehie. M. Puakea Nogelmeier, translator. Awaiaulu Press, Honolulu. Ida, Gerald and Hallett H. Hammatt 1993 Archaeological Subsurface Survey of the Campos Property Waimea, Kaua‘i (TMK 1·6·01:4). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Kailua, Hawai‘i. Imlay, L.E. 1891 Map of Kauai. Compiled from Government Surveys and Private Surveys of Lands Belonging to Gay and Robinson 1891. Map by L.E. Imlay. Tracing by H.E. Newton April 1903. Registered Map 2246. Hawai‘i Land Survey Division, Department of Accounting and General Services, Honolulu. Joerger, Pauline King and Charles F. Streck, Jr. 1979 A Cultural Resource Reconnaissance of the Waimea River Flood Control Study Area, Kauai, Hawaii. Hawai‘i Marine Research, Inc., Honolulu. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 References Cited LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 50 Juvik, Sonia P. and James O. Juvik (editors) 1998 Atlas of Hawai‘i. Third edition. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. Kamai, Nancine “Missy and Hallet H. Hammatt 2015 Archaeological Inventory Survey Report for the Menehune Road Rockfall Mitigation near Swinging Bridge, Phases 1-2-3 with Additional 1 Acre Waimea Ahupua‘a, Kona District, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-5-001:002. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Kamakau, Samuel M. 1992 Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Kamehameha Schools Press, Honolulu. Kame‘eleihiwa, Lilikalā 1992 Native Land and Foreign Desires: Pehea La E Pono Ai? How Shall We Live in Harmony? Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Kikuchi, William K. 1983 Waimea 12 Inch Transmission Main, Waimea Intake Towards Waimea Town, Job # 81-5, Waimea, Island of Kaua‘i. Crafts-Hawaii, ‘Ōma‘o, Kaua‘i. Luomala, Katharine 1951 The Menehune of Polynesia and other Mythical Little People of Oceania. Bishop Museum Bulletin 203. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. McGuire, Ka‘ohulani and Hallet H. Hammatt 2000 A Traditional Practices Assessment for the Proposed Faulkes Telescope on 1.5 Acres of the University of Hawai‘i Facility at Haleakalā, Papa‘anui Ahupua‘a, Makawao District, Island of Maui (TMK 2-2-07:8). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. McGuire, Ka‘ohulani, Leilani Pyle, David W. Shideler, and Hallet H. Hammatt 1999 Hawaiian Traditional Customs and Practices Study for Kapalawai, Ahupua‘a of Makaweli, District of Kona, Kaua‘i (TMK 1-7-05:por.1). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Mills, Peter R. 1996 Transformations of a Structure: The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of a Russian Fort in a Hawaiian Chiefdom, Waimea, Kaua‘i. Dissertation. University of California at Berkley, California. Motteler, Lee S. 1974 Guide to place names in the Hawaiian Islands. Pt. 1, Kauai County and the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Scientific Information Center, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Honolulu. O’Hare, Constance R., Nicole Ishihara, Missy Kamai, David W. Shideler, William H. Folk, and Hallett H. Hammatt 2015 Archaeological Inventory Survey for the Menehune Road Rockfall Mitigation Project, Waimea Ahupuaa, Waimea District, Kauai TMKs: [4] 1-6-003:056; 1-6- 005:017; 1-6-010:001–003. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 References Cited LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 51 Pukui, Mary Kawena 1983 ‘Ōlelo No‘eau: Hawaiian Proverbs and Poetical Sayings. Bishop Museum Special Publication No.71. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Pukui, Mary K. and Samuel H. Elbert 1986 Hawaiian Dictionary. Second edition. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Pukui, Mary K., Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther Mookini 1974 Place Names of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Rice, William Hyde 1923 Hawaiian Legends. Bishop Museum Bulletin 3. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Schmitt, Robert C. 1977 Historical Statistics of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. Soehren, Lloyd 2013 Hawaiian Place Names. Electronic database, ulukau.org/cgi-bin/hpn?l=haw. Thrum, Thomas G. 1906 Heiaus and Heiau Sites throughout the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1907. Thos. G. Thrum, Honolulu. 1908 Kekaha–Waimea Ditch. The Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1908. Thomas G. Thrum, Honolulu. 1923 More Hawaiian Folk Tales. A Collection of Native Legends and Traditions. Compiled by Thos. G. Thrum. A.C. McClurg & Company, Chicago. Thrum, F.W. and Thos. J.K. Evans 1918 Waimea Village, Kona, Kauai. Survey and map by F.W. Thrum and Thos. J.K. Evans 1918. Registered Map 2596. Hawai‘i Land Survey Division, Department of Accounting and General Services, Honolulu. Tomonari-Tuggle, M.J. and Trevor Duarte 2017 Archaeological Inventory Survey of Pe‘ekaua‘i Ditch, Ahupua‘a of Waimea, Kona District, Island of Kaua‘i, Portions of TMK 4-1-5-001:002 AND 4-1-5-002:008. International Archaeology, LLC, Honolulu. UH SOEST (University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology) 1966 Aerial photograph of Waimea Coast. UH SOEST, Honolulu. Ulukau 2014 Māhele Database. Hawaiian Electronic Library, http://ulukau.org/cgi-bin/ vicki?l=en.. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) 2001 Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Fort Worth, Texas. http://www.ncgc.nrcs.usda.gov/products/datasets/ssurgo/ (accessed March 2005). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: WAIMEA 31 References Cited LRFI for the Waimea River Ford Crossing, Waimea, Kaua‘i TMK: [4] 1-6-001:027 (por.) and 888 52 USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) 1910 Mana USGS 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangle. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. 1910 Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangle. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. 1963 Kekaha USGS 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangle. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. 1963 Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangle. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. 1991 Kekaha USGS 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangle. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. 1996 Hanapepe USGS 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangle. USGS Information Services, Denver, Colorado. Waihona ‘Aina 2020 The Māhele Database. Electronic document, http://waihona.com (accessed 23 September 2019). Wichman, Frederick B. 1991 Polihale and other Kaua‘i Legends. Bamboo Ridge Press, Honolulu. 1998 Kaua‘i. Ancient Place-Names and Their Stories. University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu. Zulick, Loren A., Ka`ohulani McGuire, Leilani Pyle, Victoria S. Creed, David W. Shideler, Gerald K. Ida, and Hallett H. Hammatt 2000 Archaeological Inventory Survey Report for 170 Acres including a 6-Acre Inland Fish Pond for the Proposed Kapalawai Resort, Kapalawai, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i, (TMK 1-7-05:Por. 1). Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i, Inc., Kailua, Hawai‘i. DEREK S.K. KAWAKAMI, MAYOR MICHAEL A. DAHILIG, MANAGING DIRECTOR 4444 Rice Street, Suite A473 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4050 (b) An Equal Opportunity Employer DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING KA‘ĀINA HULL, DIRECTOR JODI A. HIGUCHI SAYEGUSA, DEPUTY DIRECTOR 000000 Kaua‘i County Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) DIRECTOR’S REPORT I. SUMMARY Action Required by KHPRC: a. A Section 106 request to become a consulting party through the federal 106 review process. KHPRC actions may include the following: b. Provide comments and/ or concurrence on the project. c. Defer comments until more information becomes available. II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The County of Kaua‘i Public Works Division is proposing to replace the existing Waimea River earthen crossing with a more permanent crossing to prevent erosion of the crossing and to reduce the amount of maintenance required. The purpose of the proposed project is to protect the health and safety of the public and to provide reliable access for residents and farmers across the Waimea River. III. RECOMMENDATION The Planning Department recommends that the Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission provide comments that either concur or do not concur with the proposed project. The Commission is further advised that this report does not represent the Planning Department’s final recommendation in view of the forthcoming public hearing process whereby the entire record should be considered prior to decision making. The entire record includes but is not limited to: a. Government agency comments; b. Testimony from the general public and interested others; and c. The land owner’s response. Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) April 15, 2021 Meeting Section 106- County of Kaua‘i Public Works Waimea River Ford Crossing Page 2 By _________________________________ MARISA VALENCIANO Planner Approved & Recommended to Commission: By _________________________________ JODI A. HIGUCHI SAYAGUSA Deputy Director of Planning Date: ___________________ 4-1-2021 DEREK S.K. KAWAKAMI, MAYOR MICHAEL A. DAHILIG, MANAGING DIRECTOR 4444 Rice Street, Suite A473 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4050 (b) An Equal Opportunity Employer DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING KA‘ĀINA HULL, DIRECTOR JODI A. HIGUCHI SAYEGUSA, DEPUTY DIRECTOR 000000 Kaua‘i County Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) DIRECTOR’S REPORT I. SUMMARY Action Required by KHPRC: a. To continue a discussion about the Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission’s minimum requirements for project presentations before the Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission. KHPRC actions may include the following: b. Provide additional comments. c. Defer comments to a future meeting. II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Per Commissioner Long’s request, the KHPRC met on February 20, 2020 to discuss preliminary ideas to develop a checklist for applicants presenting before the KHPRC. The checklist was meant to serve as a guide to future applicants and to be easily accessible over the counter or on the Department’s website. During the February 2020 meeting, the Department had presented an initial checklist for the Commission to respond to (see Exhibit A for the Feb. 2020 Checklist). Based on the draft checklist, the Commission suggested several changes such as requiring existing and proposed sets of plans, including materials and finishes, and adding a historical and archeological section to the written project description (see Exhibit B for the Feb. 2020 Meeting Minutes). Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Commission was not able to continue discussion on this matter until this year. The Department has included a revised checklist primarily focused on general requirements for all applications before the KHPRC. The revised draft, attached as Exhibit C, also integrates the comments that were suggested at the February 2020 meeting. Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) April 15, 2021 Meeting KHPRC Proposed Rules and Regulations for Minimum Requirements Page 2 III. RECOMMENDATION The Planning Department recommends that the Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission provide comments on the initial draft and the revised draft checklist and vote to continue discussions on this matter. The Commission is further advised that this report does not represent the Planning Department’s final recommendation in view of the forthcoming public h earing process whereby the entire record should be considered prior to decision making. The entire record includes but is not limited to: a. Government agency comments; b. Testimony from the general public and interested others; and c. The land owner’s response. By _________________________________ MARISA VALENCIANO Planner Approved & Recommended to Commission: By _________________________________ JODI A. HIGUCHI SAYAGUSA Deputy Director of Planning Date: ___________________ 4-5-2021 EXHIBIT “A” (Original Checklist February 2020) EXHIBIT “B” (KHPRC Meeting Minutes February 2020) February 20, 2020 KHPRC Meeting Minutes Page 51 of 58 Mr. Jung: Yes, so we…I’ve met with Lesther Calipjo is the owner of that particular property and we met and one of things we worked out is maybe doing a shared entry so we have a single entry…I am sorry it’ll be a shared exit for us shared entry for him. But our and that building is kind of a unique design as well. There’s a lot of comments in the community about that but that particular – our building would have our parking as the buffer so would be structure to structure there’d be a buffer between the parking lot. We’d have some vegetative arrangements to kind of block off our parking lot from those four residential units back there. Chair Wichman: I have a question about when you talk about fill. As an archaeologist I know that we dig through a lot of fill and we still find things. So it depends on how much fill there is, I mean, how deep the building or the settings are going you know, whether you’re going to disturb that or not, you know. But we have found that under fill, so… Mr. Jung: Yes, we had a Geotech (Geotechnical Engineering) team out there so we can – I’ll get that report and bring it back to this body… Chair Wichman: Thanks. Mr. Jung: See how when they did the borings how much fill was there… Chair Wichman: Great. Thank you, Ian. Thank you. That would help. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: So, I think there’s a motion and second on the floor. Chair Wichman: Okay. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Just need a vote. Chair Wichman: A vote, okay. All those in favor. (Unanimous voice vote). Any opposed. (Hearing none). Nope, so passed. Motion carried 5:0. Mr. Jung: Thank you commissioners and we’ll be back to hear your comments. Chair Wichman: And we can get Carolyn back in here. 3. Discussion regarding a possible amendment to the Kaua‘i Historical Preservation Review Commission Rules and Regulations regarding the minimum requirements for project presentations before the Kaua‘i Historical Preservation Review Commission. a. Director’s Report pertaining to this matter. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: So, I believe this item was related to commissioner Long’s request that there be like guidelines, or criteria, or checklist be provided to applicants to guide what is minimally required for any proposals before you folks. So, in your materials there’s just a really rough draft form of a checklist on items that are required. The very last page of the packet. February 20, 2020 KHPRC Meeting Minutes Page 52 of 58 Carolyn Larson returned to the meeting. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: So, you know I think it’s an opportunity I think going forward. A couple years ago with the Open Space Commission, Ka‘āina Hull, the Deputy Director at the time, now Director, and I as my other hat as an attorney, we helped to draft rules, amendments to the open space rules to sort of guide analysis. One the procedures and analysis for any proposals that go before the open space commission. I think similarly we have an opportunity to maybe consider going forward, creating amendments to our rules. That would help guide how you folks would analyze proposals, be it private projects, and these analysis would then be folded into or forwarded to the planning commission for those higher level permits, Class III’s, Class IV’s and then to the department for Class I & II permits. For us to consider incorporating into conditions of approval or if its State projects or it’s a 106 review where really we’re creating recommendations for Federal highways or the State to incorporate into the project. So, I think it’s an opportunity something to just consider going forward. Again what you were provided with is just really a rough draft of, you know, basic information that you folks will need for proposals, so. Chair Wichman: I have a question. Since this is just the start of the checklist can we take this home… Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Yes. Chair Wichman: Think about it and write our comments on it and… Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Yes Chair Wichman: Bring it back to the next meeting. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: That sounds great. Chair Wichman: Thank you. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Yes, we can do that and put this item back on the agenda in March. Mr. Guerber: Let’s keep it on the agenda for awhile. That’s fine. Chair Wichman: I think this is going to take some discussion. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Sure, okay, sounds good. Mr. Guerber: Because I would certainly like to see pictures of what’s there currently. Ms. Summers: I think that would be helpful. Chair Wichman: Would be very helpful, yes. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Okay. February 20, 2020 KHPRC Meeting Minutes Page 53 of 58 Ms. Summers: And if there’s a survey already done, that they give it to us before they come. Mr. Guerber: Yes, so what does it look like now. What is the proposed look from it. Give us an idea of what we are judging. Chair Wichman: Then we can tone down on the deferments. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Okay. Mr. Guerber: Yes. Mr. Long: I just have a couple of comments. The first is thank you very much to the planning department for expanding… Chair Wichman: Absolutely. Mr. Long: What I suggested or minimum requirements. Thank you Alex, really Jodi, great job. On the last item, you know for just all projects applicants. I’d like to see the word “existing” and “proposed”. So existing site plan, existing floor plans, plural… Ms. Summers: Good idea. Mr. Long: For existing elevations, scope of work to include description of proposed materials and finishes. It’s materials and finishes. And then that was with photographs also of the existing. And then the proposed would be all of that but no photographs. Rendering if can, but it’s not a requirement. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Okay. Okay, great. Mr. Guerber: Great. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Sounds good. Okay, we’ll put this matter back on the agenda for the next time. Mr. Guerber: Should we make a motion do it… Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Yes, I mean that might help wrap it up… Mr. Guerber: And act next time. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Sure, you can defer this matter ‘till the next meeting agenda. Chair Wichman: It is under new business, so maybe we should do that. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Yes. February 20, 2020 KHPRC Meeting Minutes Page 54 of 58 Mr. Guerber: Yes, but I am thinking if matters are coming to us next month would be nice to have this be published to those people so they know what they’re going to have to bring to us. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: I think we can work with the applicants directly knowing that this is the direction and so Alex, as a planner can help steer applicants to provide these things. And then going forward we can solidify that as an actual rule. Yes. Mr. Guerber: Okay. Mr. Long: Thank you and the reason that I brought it up because when I went to a counter as a person from the public… Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Yes. Mr. Long: You know I really kind of wanted to be handed an 8-1/2 by 11 sheet saying you’re going in front of KHPRC here do this, so thank you. And thank you for doing that in the interim. Because we may have items that come up you know before our next meeting and lets just take care of this before it becomes memorialized. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Sounds good. Okay. So perhaps a motion to defer this matter. Ms. Summers: I motion that we defer this until the next meeting. Chair Wichman: We have a motion. Mr. Guerber: I second that. Chair Wichman: Jim second. Any discussion. Ms. Summers: The only discussion I have is I really feel like I want to understand more the archaeological and historical aspects of what we’re looking at, so I can put it on you guys to help me understand that better. I would really appreciate that. Maybe some points to be added to this that are more kind of where you’re coming from. Ms. Larson: This is a proposed checklist of what people should bring, presenters should bring. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Yes, and if there’s anything missing from the perspective of anything required to reflect any archaeological items then, yes… Ms. Summers: Or even just history. I liked your…I think I understood what you were talking about with the bridge, but I feel it’s making me think in a different way and I really appreciate that. Ms. Higuchi-Sayegusa: Motion, second and I… Chair Wichman: Motion, second and all in favor. (Unanimous voice vote). Any nays. (Hearing none). So passed, its deferred. Motion passed 6:0. EXHIBIT “C” (Revised Checklist April 2021) Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission April 2, 2021 Revised KHPRC Requirements Checklist (incorporates KHPRC Feb. 20, 2020 Mtg. Comments) For all Projects, applicants must submit preliminary drawings and supplemental documents that includes the followings: 1. Written Description o Historical Background Information, if available o Archeological Information, if available 2. Construction Plans o Existing and Proposed Site Plans o Existing and Proposed Floor Plans o Existing and Proposed Elevations (North, South, East, West Views) o Materials and Finishes o Renderings (optional) 3. Additional Documentation o Photographs of existing structure or site DEREK S.K. KAWAKAMI, MAYOR MICHAEL A. DAHILIG, MANAGING DIRECTOR 4444 Rice Street, Suite A473 • Līhu‘e, Hawai‘i 96766 • (808) 241-4050 (b) An Equal Opportunity Employer DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING KA‘ĀINA HULL, DIRECTOR JODI A. HIGUCHI SAYEGUSA, DEPUTY DIRECTOR Kaua‘i County Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) DIRECTOR’S REPORT I. SUMMARY Action Required by KHPRC: a. Consideration of proposed plans to renovate the interior and exterior of an existing historic structure located in Kōloa Town for the operation of a brewhouse and a restaurant. KHPRC action may include the following: 1) Support for the project; or 2) A recommendation to the Planning Department that its approval of any zoning permit should incorporate conditions of approval; or 3) A recommendation to the Planning Department to consider denial of the permit(s); or 4) A recommendation to defer action on the permits. II. PROJECT INFORMATION Parcel Location: Kōloa Town, Hawaii Tax Map Key(s): (4) 2-8-007:016 Area: 33,098 sq. ft. (entire lot) Age of Structures Est. 1921 or 1946 (Based on Real Property Records) LAND USE DESIGNATIONS & VALUES Zoning: T4- Village Center (SKCP FBC) State Land Use District: Urban General Plan Designation: Neighborhood Center Owner(s): Smith Waterhouse Family Old Kōloa Town Applicant: Hometown Canteen, LLC Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) April 15, 2021 Meeting Mucho Aloha Kōloa Brewhouse Renovations TMK: (4) 2-8-007:016 Page 2 III. PERMIT HISTORY & BACKGROUND a. The subject property is part of the Old Kōloa Town shopping complex and located behind the Kahalewai Building and adjacent to the Chevron Gas station in Kōloa Town. The building is currently used for retail, but was previously the old paint shop (est. 1920s), the Kōloa Fish and Chowder House Restaurant (est. 1985), Mango’s Restaurant, Pancho and Leftys, and a tattoo shop. b. Although the subject property was constructed prior to the Department’s records, the Department maintains several zoning permits noted in the table below relating to improvements made to the existing historic structure. Table 1. Summary of Zoning Permits Year Permit Permit Description Applicant 1983 Z-661-83 Exterior Paneling Kōloa Town Association 1984 Z-IV-84-24 U-17-84 Paint Shop Reno w/ New Wood Deck and Trellis KTA 1985 Z-998-85 Foundation Work Only Deck Enclose and Reno Restaurant KTA Lovejoy 2002 Z-418-02 Interior Renovations Shioi Construction for Valley Marketplace 2012 ?? Courtyard Entry and Façade Improvements. Removing some windows and replacing with French doors. Addition of a small canopy. Crystal Harmonics IV. PROJECT DESCRIPTION a. The applicant is proposing interior and exterior renovations to an existing historic structure to operate a brewhouse and a restaurant. The primary focus of the renovations involves improvements to the exterior of the building. Exterior Renovations Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) April 15, 2021 Meeting Mucho Aloha Kōloa Brewhouse Renovations TMK: (4) 2-8-007:016 Page 3 In addition to painting the exterior of the structure, the Applicant’s exterior renovations are primarily limited to the front entry and façade of the courtyard side of the building. According to the Applicant, no exterior renovations are planned for the street side of the building that is visible from Kōloa and Po‘ipū roads. The exterior changes to the courtyard façade and entry include: 1. Reducing the Main Entry o Reducing the main entry doors from two swinging to a single wood swinging door. 2. Replacing Fenestration o Changing from fold out windows to double hung windows with a wood framed trim. 3. NEW outdoor seating area o Adding a new outdoor seating area to the courtyard façade. The seating area will include a new trellis and new decking that will be constructed with wood finishing consistent with the existing structures around the courtyard. o In addition to consolidating the double doors into a single door, the Applicant will have to alter the existing courtyard façade by removing the rock wall plantings, canopy awning, and the ramp deck. 4. Lighting o Installing pendant style exterior lighting on the courtyard façade. V. TRIGGER FOR KHPRC REVIEW AND HISTORIC PROFILE Hawai‘i Revised Statutes (HRS) §6E-2 defines “Historic property” as “any building, structure, object, district, area, or site, including heiau and underwater site, which is over fifty years old.” Hawai‘i Administrative Rules Title 13 defines “Significant Historic Property” as “any historic property that meets the criteria” for listing on the Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places under HAR 275-6(b) or HAR 2846(b). VI. EVALUATION OF HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE a. Site/Building/Structure/Object is NOT Listed on Register – State and/or National Register Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) April 15, 2021 Meeting Mucho Aloha Kōloa Brewhouse Renovations TMK: (4) 2-8-007:016 Page 4 b. The property is NOT located in a Historic District c. The property IS over 50 years old and defined as a “historic property.” d. The property is not included on the KHPRC Inventory List The existing structure is not specifically listed on the KHPRC inventory list; however, the existing structure is surrounded by other historic structures within the same shopping complex (Yamamoto Store, Kahalewai Building, and the Salvation Army Building) that are listed on the KHPRC inventory list. e. Evaluation of Significance Under the Criteria for listing to the National or State Register of Historic Places Under the criteria for listing a property on the State and National Registers of Historic Places, the historic nature or significance of the site/building/structure/object may be assessed as follows: • Criteria A. The property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; Based on the information gathered by the Planning Department, Kōloa was one of the first thriving plantation towns in Hawai‘i. The plantation style architecture, culture, and local traditions that have been preserved and maintained over time have contributed to the broad patterns of our history and may have been associated with significant events. Therefore, the historic property may meet the National Register Criteria A. • Criteria B. The property is associated with the lives of significant persons in our past; Based on the information gathered by the Planning Department, the subject property is not associated with the lives of significant persons in our past. Therefore, the subject property is unlikely to qualify under the National Register Criteria B. • Criteria C. The property/structure/building embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; Based on the information gathered by the Planning Department, the existing structure maintain elements that are associated with a specific Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) April 15, 2021 Meeting Mucho Aloha Kōloa Brewhouse Renovations TMK: (4) 2-8-007:016 Page 5 type, period, or method of distinctive Hawaiian plantation style construction. However, the existing structure appears to have been altered from its original design and it is unclear as to what aspects of the existing structure are still original to the historic property. Therefore, the historic structure may meet the National Register Criteria C. • Criteria D. The property has yielded or may be likely to yield, information important in history or prehistory. Based on the information gathered by the Planning Department, the historic structure may yield information important in history or prehistory as it may have functioned as part of the original Kōloa Town that served residents during the plantation days. Therefore, this historic property may meet the National Register Criteria D. • Criteria E. (Hawai‘i Register Only). Important value to native Hawaiian people or to another ethnic group of the state due to associations with cultural practices once carried out, or still carried out, at the property; or due to associations with traditional beliefs, events or oral accounts – these associations being important to the group’s history and cultural identity. Based on the information gathered by the Planning Department, the subject property is unlikely to meet the requirements of Criteria E. • Based on the Department’s review, the historic structure may qualify as “historically significant” and eligible for listing on the National and/ or State Historic Register. f. This particular project is for review before KHPRC for several reasons. Although the existing structure is not specifically listed on the KHPRC inventory list, the existing historic structure is adjacent to other historic structures that may be eligible for listing to the National and State Historic Register. In addition, the existing historic structure is located nearby to other historic sites such as Sueoka Marketplace and the Old Sugar Mill site which is listed on the National and State Historic Register. Finally, this particular area may meet the criteria for a future nomination as a historic district. g. Seven Aspects of Historic Integrity The existing structure may retain several aspects of historic integrity including but not limited to: location, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) April 15, 2021 Meeting Mucho Aloha Kōloa Brewhouse Renovations TMK: (4) 2-8-007:016 Page 6 Prior to the adoption of the South Kaua‘i Community Plan (2015), which instituted the South Kaua‘i Form Based Code in this area, the subject property was previously zoned as Special Treatment-Cultural/Historic (ST-C) to acknowledge the unique historic significance of the site, structures, and land forms in the area. As previously mentioned, Kōloa Town was one of the first thriving plantation towns in Hawai‘i that naturally developed around the Old Sugar Mill, which is listed on both the National and State Historic Register. The subject property, which includes the existing historic structure, was conveniently located across the street from the old sugar mill site and consisted of a hotel, a salvation army church building, and other retail uses to support plantation families. Several structures within the Old Kōloa Town shopping complex remain today and are listed on the KHPRC inventory list (Yamamoto Store, Kahalewai Building, and the Salvation Army Building). As represented, the applicant is proposing interior and exterior renovations to operate a brewhouse and restaurant in the existing historic structure. Upon further research, the Department was able to find some pieces of information to trace down the footprint and any character defining architectural features of the original building. Based on the Department’s findings, it appears that the original footprint of the structure was a rectangular shaped structure for the old paint shop. Over time, a wooden deck was constructed on the courtyard side of the structure and then enclosed for a restaurant and retail use. The most recent improvement to date was in 2012 when the previous applicant, Robert Lober, came before the KHPRC to request approval to alter the exterior facade of the courtyard side of the building. During its meeting in November 2012, the KHPRC approved the exterior renovations and noted that the particular courtyard façade had lost integrity over time due to previous alterations and uses of the building (see Exhibit A for the 2012 KHPRC Agenda Minutes on the subject property). The Department has reviewed the applicant’s proposal for an outdoor seating area with a wooden trellis and deck addition to the courtyard side of the building. Although the courtyard façade may have lost integrity over the years, the existing structure is in proximity to other historic structures within the Old Kōloa Town shopping complex that may have retained its historic integrity as a typical plantation-style building. Together, this historic shopping complex embodies the plantation style architecture, feeling, and association that should continue to be preserved and maintained. Therefore, the Department would like to see the applicant reconsider its outdoor seating Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) April 15, 2021 Meeting Mucho Aloha Kōloa Brewhouse Renovations TMK: (4) 2-8-007:016 Page 7 design and materials used to blend in with the other historic plantation structures in the surrounding area. The existing wooden deck and the arrangement of the trellis and deck appears to be more modern in style than the nearby plantation-style structures. Although the existing structure may qualify as part of a historic district, the proposed exterior improvements, if in keeping with the plantation-style architecture, should not detract from the historic significance of the area. VII. RECOMMENDATION Based on the foregoing evaluation and conclusion, the Planning Department recommends that the Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission SUPPORT the proposed renovations with the following conditions: 1) Any repairs, rehabilitation, and/ or reconstruction shall preserve and utilize the design elements of the original historical structure including but not limited to the roof, fenestration, trim, and exterior siding. 2) The Applicant shall be cognizant that KHPRC review and approval shall not obviate the Applicant or permit application submittal from the standard regulatory permitting review process and the permitting requirements set forth in the applicable State and County laws, including but not limited to the County of Kaua‘i Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance. 3) The Applicant shall consider an alternative design for the outdoor seating area using materials and architectural features that are in keeping to the plantation-style architecture, feeling, and association of Old Kōloa Town and its historic structures. The Commission is further advised that this report does not represent the Planning Department’s final recommendation in view of the forthcoming public hearing process whereby the entire record should be considered prior to decision making. The entire record includes but is not limited to: a. Government agency comments; b. Testimony from the general public and interested others; and c. The land owner’s response. Kaua‘i Historic Preservation Review Commission (KHPRC) April 15, 2021 Meeting Mucho Aloha Kōloa Brewhouse Renovations TMK: (4) 2-8-007:016 Page 8 By _________________________________ MARISA VALENCIANO Planner Approved & Recommended to Commission: By _________________________________ JODI A. HIGUCHI SAYAGUSA Deputy Director of Planning Date: ___________________ EXHIBIT “A” (KHPRC Meeting Minutes November 1, 2012) Novembcr 1,2012 K.H.P.R.C.Meeting Minutes Page 5 NEW BUSINESS Re:Robert Lober,TMK:2-8-07:16,Koloa,Kauai,Hawai'i -Proposed alterations to include French doors and canopy to existing retail building. Ms.Griffin:Moving on to new business,D.1.,Robert Lober and this is for proposesd alterations to include French doors and canopy to existing retail building at TMK:2-8-07:16. Ms.Crvstal Lober:I am Crystal Lober. Mr.Robert Lober:And I am Robert Lober.Mine is slightly less complex then the last one. Mr.Wichman:You should've been here a littfe bit earlier (laughter in the background). Mr.Lober:Shall I begin? Ms.Griffin:Please. Mr.Lober:This is an existing retail facility and it's iathe Old Koloa Town.Those ofyou have a packet. Ms.GrifGn:We all have it. Mr.Lober:Ok our proposal as tenants ofthe space and as part ofretail tenant improvements our proposal is actually to increase activity in the courtyard and so our proposal is actually to take out some existing windows and -replace them with.glazed French doors and that actually will flow into the courtyard space and that activates the courtyard quite substantially.As part of the doors we would like to put a small canopy faxed with sbc foot extension ofthe basic door line. The character ofthe complex I would say is plantation.Many ofthe buildings are ofthat era and they have maintained that and our proposal is to keep that flavor.So it's not a radical departure. The first exhibit that we have included is a location plan.For those of you are familiar with the area the Salvation Army is the grey thatched buildmg.The courtyard space is indicated on the plan but nonetheless it's that space and the project location is circled.Ifyou would like I have photographs of the existing complex wbich I could pass around for those of you who would like to see. Mr.Helder:Do you have the photographs ofthe existing entrance? Mr.Lober:I do. Mr.Helder:Ok.And it's relationship to... November 1,2012 K.H.P.R.C.Meeting Minutes Page 6 Mr.Lober:And it's included in yom packet but there is more amplified versions ofit in the hand out that is going around. Ms.Griffin:Continue... Mr.Lober:It's a fairly straight forward proposal.I think our intention is to malama the courtyard and to improve that space.It is an historic building I suppose or district and I think one of the ways you can eiitiance and preserve the historie buildings is to give them economic life and I think that this is a logistic proposal. Ms.GrifGn:Questions? Mr.Lone:I have a question with regards to the window/ventilationjalousie windows above the two sets ofwindows that you are replacing with the French doors.What's your intention? Mr.Lober:We are still evaluation whether does can actually be reconfigured or if they actually fimction as ventilation elements.Our proposal is to actually remove the first bank below and to put glazing into there and replace those louvers with glass.It's a tall vaulted space so that allows some light up high in the space. Mr.Helder:Can I ask,is this on our purview because ofjust exclusively the age or there has been something special about fhis little area or this particular buildmg or is itjust because it s 50 years? Mr.Lober:If I may... Mr.Helder:This is a question for the Planning Department why this came before us. Mr.Jung:I think it would trigger a Class I permit and it's in the Special Treatment Cultural Drstrict. Mr.Helder:So it is a Special Treataient Cultural District which involves all these little buildings. Mr.Jung:And there are all these historic structures. Mr.Helder:Are fhey in their original locations? Mr.Jung:The door? Mr.Helder:The store.The building,were they all originally here.In other words was the alignment the way it is now.The entrances.The orientation oflight.How the traffic flow. Ms.Griffin:I can speak a little to that cause I remember back in the 80s actually when Old Kola Town was developed as a shopping center in the 83,84 and Koloa Fish and Chowder House was a tenant in this building and they were clients of ours and actually was the whole building.It's November 1,2012 K.H.P.R.C.Meeting Minutes Page7 been halved but it's been quite a bit ofwork and then it became Mangos who was also another client ofours.Then it became Pancho and Lefty's you know aad a lot ofthe buildings here,what you see ofthese windows I think is from its restaiirant days and so all ofthese have been altered. Furthermore,it's not really on the roadside.It's in the courtyard.So it's not somethmg you see from Koloa Road or any ofthe passes but I flunk the long and the short ofit is that the face ofthe building has lost its integrity over the years.We are not worried about character defming changes.That s our verbiage here. Mr.Helder:Got ya.That was the question-I was asking.So you are not chaaging the siding or any ofthat?Alright. Ms.Griffin:And the doorway,right in front of it.I haven't seen the pictures yet but are you all going to change the plantings in front ofit.Cause to put the doorways in the middle. Mr.Helder:Could we see the photograph. Mr.Lober:In order to get the doors to out swing yoa hav&to remove a portion offhat rock wall. Ms.Sheehan:Could you tell us about the age and what history you know. Mr.Lober:Prior to 1980 this building was moved to this site.The Planning Department,Dale Cua,mformed me fhat from his sources that it was not over fifty years old the building itself. What triggered it was the location in the district.In fact it almost had to go before the Planning Commission but they determined that they could do through Class I as opposed to-Class II. Mr.Helder:I don't see it having any drawback to the rest of what is going on in the rest of the district.You know.It s kind ofadaptive reuse. Mr.Wichman:Yes adaptive reuse at this point. Mr.Helder:It doesn't look like they have made modification to it.It's appropriate with what is going on there in the shopping area. Ms.Griffin:The door at the right and it is a French door already.Several ofthem'are. Mr.Helder:The integrity ofthe building is already compromised. Ms.Griffin:Would you like to make a motion? Mr.Helder:I move we accept the plans as presented. Ms.Griffin:Second? Mr.Wichman;Second. November I,2012 K.H.P.R.C.Meeting Minutes PageS Ms.Griffin:Further discussions?(None.)All in favor?(Unanimous voice vote).Opposed? Hearing none the motion is carried.Thank you veiy much. Re:Kaumuali'i Highway (Phase 1),Llhu'e Mill Bridge to Rice Street,Federal Aid Project No.ARR-050-1(036),Llhu'e,Island of Kauai,State of Hawai'I,Pre-fmal bridge rafling design for Lihu'e MiILBridge. Letter (10/19/12)from Mr.Pat V.Phung,P.E.,Leed CivU Engineer,US Department of Transportation,Federai Highway Administration to Kuuleialoha Santos,US Department of Transportartidn,Federal Highways Administration. Ms.Griffin:The first item of new business is Robert Lober?Let's move to D.2.,Kaumuali'i Highway (Phase 1),Lihu'e Mill Bridge to Rice Street,Pre-final bridge railing design for the bridge,gentlemen. Mr.Jim Niennann:Good aftemoon my same is Jim Niermann a planner with R.M.Towill Corporation and I am here on behalf of the Department of Traasportation,Kauai District and Federal Highways too.I will be careful as far as speaking for them.I know we have authorization under the 106 process but I will reserve my comments for what I know.Mike Okamoto is the project engineer also with R.M.Towill,and Stanford Iwamoto with DOT is waiting in the wings ifwe get into trouble. So we are here on behalf DOT to present the pre-final design for Lihu'e Mill Bridge railing as well as to address two of the other items that were in the motion from previous session we attended.One of which pertains to Hoomana and as far as what our mitigation for the impacts to Hoomana Road overpass and then also there was a motion to work with the residents who express concems about the project and so I can give you an update on some ofthe things. One of the question I had is did you all receive the Federal Highways letter,not just the invitation to thel06 meeting but there wasanother letter. Ms.Griffin:The memorandum agreement? Mr.Niermann:No it was actually a letter,a formal letter requesting to be on today's agenda. Ms.GrifGn:We had an email from Myles to Shan that was from you or to Myles from you. Mr.Niemiann:The only thing that I would be missing from that,which I can go over just verbally is some of the outreach efforts that we have undertaken and then a follow up with that iiifonnation in written format. So let's see (inaudible).From ftie meeting on the 3 we have presented three altematives for the guardrail on the bridge.This up here is existing conditions on the bridge and kind of the characteristics the three altematives we have presented.One was to replicate this because it